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Usmle > High Yields First Aid KEY ASSOCIATIONS > Flashcards

High Yields First Aid KEY ASSOCIATIONS Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer - raised ICP stimulated vagal gastric secretion

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1
Q

As/ Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to SCC

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns MC

A

Curling’s ulcer - greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa

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3
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon Dx

A

Skip lesions - Crohn’s disease

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4
Q

As/ Aneurysm, dissecting

A

As/w HTN

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5
Q

As/ Aortic aneurysms, abdominal and descending aorta

A

As/w atherosclerosis

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6
Q

As/ Aortic arch aneurysm

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

As/ Ascending Aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

As/ atrophy of mamillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy - thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, confusion

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9
Q

As/ autosplenectomy (fibrosis + shrinkage)

A

sickle cell anaemia (haemoglobin S)

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10
Q

As/ Bacteria associated with gastritis, PUD, and stomach cancer

A

H pylori

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11
Q

MC Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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12
Q

MC Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

GBS, Strep pneumo, neisseria meningitidis

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13
Q

AS/w Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (MC in first 2 decades)

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14
Q

As/ Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vWF)

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15
Q

MC Brain tumour (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis>astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>schwannoma

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16
Q

Brain tumour MC kids

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (Cb) or

Supratentorial: craniopharygioma (cerebrum)

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17
Q

MC Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (1 in 9 women –> breast cancer)

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18
Q

Breast mass MC

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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19
Q

MC breast tumour - benign

A

fibroadenoma

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20
Q

MC primary cardiac tumour (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma - often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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21
Q

MC cardiac tumour (adults)

A

Metastases, primary myoxoma (4:1 Left to Right atrium) ball and valve

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22
Q

As/ Cb tonsillar herniation

A

Chiairi malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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23
Q

MC chronic arrhythmia

A

AF (high risk of emboli)

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24
Q

As/ chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

predisposition to gastric carcinoma and perniscious anaemia

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25
Q

As/ clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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26
Q

MC compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (Type 1: postmenopausal woman; Type 2: elderly man/woman)

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27
Q

As/ congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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28
Q

MC congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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29
Q

As/ congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (black liver)

A

Dubin Johnson syndrome - inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile

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30
Q

MCC Constrictive pericarditis

A

Developing world - Tuberculosis

Developed world - SLE

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31
Q

MC coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD>RCA>LCA

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32
Q

MCC Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

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33
Q

As/ Cushing’s syndrome

A

Iatrogenic cushings - corticosteroid Rx
Adrenocortical adenoma - secretes excess cortisol
ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic cushings - due to ACTH secretion by tumours

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34
Q

Early cyanosis MCC

A

Tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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35
Q

Cyanosis late (more common) MCC

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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36
Q

MC Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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37
Q

MC death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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38
Q

As/ dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease, multiple infarcts

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39
Q

Dx Demyelinaing disease in young women

A

MS

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40
Q

DIC as/

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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41
Q

MC dietary deficit

A

Iron

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42
Q

Dx Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (Dx with barium swallow)

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43
Q

MC ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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44
Q

MC type of oesophageal cancer

A

Squamous (world wide)

Adeno (US)

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45
Q

MC food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S.aureus, B.cereus

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46
Q

MC glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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47
Q

MC gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (MC in US), cervical carcinoma (MC worldwide)

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48
Q

MC congenital heart murmur

A

MVP

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49
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis MC

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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50
Q

MC Helminth infection (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis, ascaris lumbricoides

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51
Q

As/ epidural haematoma

A

rupture of MMA, trauma; lentiform shaped

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52
Q

subdural hematoma MCC

A

rupture of bridging veins - crescent shaped

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53
Q

Hemachromatosis

A

ultiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, bronze diabetes, and Incr risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

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54
Q

As/ hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhotic liver - as/w HBV, HCV, alcoholism

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55
Q

MC hereditary bleeding disorder

A

vwD

56
Q

MC Heredtary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia)

57
Q

As/ HLA-B27

A

Ank Spond, reiter’s syndrome, UC, psoriasis

58
Q

As/w HLADR3 or DR4

A

T1DM, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

59
Q

As/ holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurg, mitral regurg

60
Q

Definition: Virchow’s triad

A

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

61
Q

MC Secondary HTN

A

Renal disease

62
Q

MC hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

63
Q

MC infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

64
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staph aureus, E.coli, aspergillus (catalase positive)

65
Q

Kidney stone types

A

Calcium- radioopaque
Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) - urease positive organisms such as proteus vulgaris or staphylococcus)
Uric acid - radiolucent

66
Q

Late cyanotic shunt

A

uncorrected L-R shunt becomes R-L
Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA)
Results in pulmonary HTN, polycythaemia

67
Q

MC liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

68
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease - bruising, anaemia, easily fatigueable, low platelets, hepatosplenomegaly.
Genetic deficiency of glucocerebrosidase

69
Q

male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

70
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectoius fever MC

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

71
Q

Malignancy Kids (MC)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (CB)

72
Q

MC Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome

73
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

74
Q

MC metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

75
Q

MC metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

76
Q

As/ mitochondrial inheritance

A

disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

77
Q

As/ mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

78
Q

Mixed UMN/LMN motor neuron disease As/

A

ALS

79
Q

Myocarditis As/

A

Coxsackie B

80
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

81
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

minimal change disease

82
Q

Neuron migration failure As/

A

Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia

83
Q

As/ nosocomial pneumonia

A

klebsiella, E.coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa

84
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

85
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

86
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia

87
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S.aureus

88
Q

Osteomyellitis in sickle cell disease

A

salmonella

89
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S.aureus

90
Q

Ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenburg (mucin secreting signet ring cells)

91
Q

Ovarian tumour (benign, bilateral) As

A

Serous cystadenoma

92
Q

Ovarian tumour (malignant) As/

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

93
Q

Pancreatitis acute As/

A

Gallstones, alcohol

94
Q

Pancreatitis chronic As/

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

95
Q

MC cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

96
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 30-60

97
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease MC

A

chalmydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoea

98
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

t(9:22) bcr-abl

CML - may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML

99
Q

Pituitary tumour

A

prolactnoma, somatotrophic “acidophilic” adenoma

100
Q

Primary amenorrhoea as

A

Turner syndrome (45XO)

101
Q

Primary bone tumour (adults) MC

A

Multiple myeloma

102
Q

As/ primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adenoma of adrenal cortex

103
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

104
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, haemachromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency)

105
Q

Pulmonary HTN as/

A

COPD

106
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small-medium vessels in extremeties

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

107
Q

Renal tumour As/

A 
Renal cell carcinoma: as/w von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking
Paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
108
Q

Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

cor pumonale

109
Q

S3

A

protodiastolic gallop

incr ventricular filling (L-R shunt, MR, LV failure)

110
Q

S4

A

presystolic gallop

stiff/hypertrophied ventricle (AS, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

111
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (as/)

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney diseaes

112
Q

STD

A

chlamydia (coinfected with gonorrhea)

113
Q

SIADH as/

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

114
Q

Site of diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

115
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdo aorta> coronary artery > popliteal > carotid

116
Q

Stomach cancer MC

A

Adenocarcinoma

117
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Z-E syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

118
Q

t(14:18)

A

Follicular lymphoma

bcl-2 activation

119
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

c-myc activation

120
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philidelphia chromosome

CML bcr-abl fusion

121
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness d/t thrombosis of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

122
Q

Testicular tumour MC

A

seminoma

123
Q

Thyroid cancer MC

A

Papillary carcinoma

124
Q

MC tumour in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrongen dependent, not precancerous)

125
Q

Tumour of infancy MC

A

hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

126
Q

Tumour of adrenal medulla (adults) MC

A

phaeochromocytoma - benign

127
Q

MC tumour of adrenal medulla kids

A

Neuroblastoma - malignant

128
Q

MC type of hodgkins dz

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

129
Q

MC type of non-hodgkin’s

A

diffuse large cell

130
Q

UTI causes

A

E.coli, staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

131
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV1

132
Q

Vitamin deficiency (US)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk - body stores only 3-4m supply; prevents neural tube defects)

133
Q

MC acute haemorrhagic cystitis in children

A

Adenovirus - MCC acute haemorrhagic cystitis outbreaks in children
- dysuria & haematuria

134
Q

MC infantile gastroenteritis

A

Rotavirus - reovirus
Predominant global cause of infantile gastroenteritis
MC cause of fatal diarrhoea in children

135
Q

Mumps manifestations

A

Mumps - parotitis, orchitis, and (rarely) aseptic meningitis

136
Q

Type II polyglandular syndrome as/

A

Type II polyglandular syndrome
AD, Age of onset mean 24
HLA DR3/DR4
Hashimoto, Addison’s disease, T1DM

137
Q

Type I Polyglandular syndrome

A

AR, mean age onset 12yo.
No HLA relationship
Addison’s disease, Primary hypoparathyroidism, mucocutaneous candidiasis

Usmle (4 decks)

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