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Usmle > Classic Labs/Findings > Flashcards

Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

lab - Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

Phemphigus vulgaris - blistering

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1
Q

lab - Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma / CREST

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2
Q

lab - anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

Glomerulonephritis and haemoptysis

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3
Q

lab - Antihistone antibodies

A

Drug induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

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4
Q

lab - Anti IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity

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5
Q

lab - Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA’s)

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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6
Q

lab - Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

Vasculitis

  • cANCA - granulomatosis with polyangiitis - Wegener’s
  • pANCA - microscopic polyangiitis - Churg-Strauss syndrome
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7
Q

lab - Antinuclear antibodies

A

ANAs: anti-smith and anti-dsDNA

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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8
Q

lab - Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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9
Q

lab - Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

diffuse systemic scleroderma

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10
Q

lab - Antitransglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhoea, distension, weightloss)

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11
Q

lab - “Apple-core” lesion on abdominal Xray

A

Colorectal cancer

usually left sided

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12
Q

lab - Azurophilic peroxidase-positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts

A

Auer rods

AML, especially the promyelocytic M3 type

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13
Q

lab - Bacitracin response

A

Sensitive - Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

Resisstant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)

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14
Q

lab - “Bamboo spine” on Xray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

- chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA B27

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15
Q

lab - Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or non-functional spleen)

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16
Q

lab - Basophilic stippling of RVCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anaemia

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17
Q

lab - Bloody tap on LP

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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18
Q

lab - “bootshaped” heart on Xray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, or RVH

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19
Q

lab - Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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20
Q

lab - Bronchogenic apical lung tumour on imaging

A

Pancoast tumour - can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause horners syndrome
Or compression of C8T1 nerve roots

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21
Q

lab - “brown” tumour of bone

A

hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica

- deposited haemosiderin from haemorrage gives brown colour

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22
Q

lab - Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagas’ disease (trypanosoma cruzi)

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23
Q

lab - Cellular crescents in bowman’s capsule

A

Rapidly progressive crescenteric GN

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24
Q

lab - Chocolate cyst of ovary

A

Endometriosis - frequently involves both ovaries

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25
Q

lab - Circular grouping of dark tumour cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)

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26
Q

lab - Colonies of mucoid pseudomonas in lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR resulting in fat soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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27
Q

lab - Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down Syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality

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28
Q

lab - Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

A

Tabes dorsalis (tertiary siphilis)

subacute combined degneration - dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts affected

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29
Q

lab - depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease (basal ganglia disorder - rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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30
Q

lab - desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann’s spirals - bronchial asthma –> can result in whorled mucous plugs

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31
Q

lab - disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumour of the ovary)

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32
Q

lab - Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes

- HPV - predisposes to cervical cancer

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33
Q

lab - enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owls eyes” appearance of CMV

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34
Q

lab - Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei

A

“Orphan Annie’s eyes” nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

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35
Q

lab - Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in liver cells

A

Mallory bodies - alcoholic liver disease

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36
Q

lab - Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cells

A

Lewy body (Parkinson’s disease)

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37
Q

lab - Eosinophilic globule in liver

A

Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, ften yellow fever)

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38
Q

lab - Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells

A

Negri bodies of rabies (Lyssavirus)

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39
Q

lab - Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer’s disease)

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40
Q

lab - Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin’s lymphoma)

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41
Q

lab - Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (Yolk sac tumour)

42
Q

lab - “Hair on end” (crew-cut) appearance on Xray

A

B-thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia (marrow expansion)

43
Q

lab - hCG elevated

A

Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with or without embryo)

44
Q

lab - Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

45
Q

lab - Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

46
Q

lab - Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

47
Q

lab - High levels of D-dimers

A

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

48
Q

lab - Hilar lymphandenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes

A
  • lesions can calcify

Ghon complex (primary TB: mycobacterium bacilli)

49
Q

lab - Honeycomb lung on Xray or CT

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

50
Q

lab - Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)

A

Trousseau’s sign (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)

51
Q

lab - hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anaemia - B12 deficiency
neurologic symptoms;

Folate deficiency - no neurologic symptoms

52
Q

lab - HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

CONN’s syndrome

53
Q

lab - Hypochromic, microcytic anaemia

A

Fe deficency, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemaglobin sometimes present)

54
Q

lab - Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)

55
Q

lab - Increased uric acid levels

A

Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Tumour lysis syndrome
Loop and thiazide diuretics

56
Q

lab - Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

57
Q

lab - Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies (Asbestosis: incr chance of mesothelioma)

58
Q

lab - Keratin pearls on skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

59
Q

lab - Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital faiulre of phagolysosome formation)

60
Q

lab - Leadpipe appearance of colon on barium enema Xray

A

UC - loss of haustra

61
Q

lab - Linear appearance of IgG deposition on GBM

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

62
Q

lab - Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration_

63
Q

lab - Lytic (“hole punched” bone lesions on Xray

A

multiple myeloma

64
Q

lab - Mammary gland - blue domed cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

65
Q

lab - Monoclonal Ab spike

A
  • Multiple myeloma (IgG or IgA)
  • Monoclonal gammopathy of undertermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging)
  • Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia (Mprotein = IgM)
  • primary amyloidosis
66
Q

lab - Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

67
Q

lab - Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium Xray

A

String sign- Crohn’s disease

68
Q

lab - Necrotising vasculitis (lungs) and necrotising glomerulonephritis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegeners cANCA positive)

and Goodpasture’s syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

69
Q

lab - Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

70
Q

lab - Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelsteiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

71
Q

lab - Novobiocin response

A

Sensitive: staphylococcus epidermidis
Resistant: staphylococcus saphrophyticus

72
Q

lab - Nutmeg liver

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to Right heart failure

73
Q

lab - “Onion skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewing’s sarcoma (Malignant round-cell tumour)

74
Q

lab - Optichin response

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Resistant: Viridans streptococcus

75
Q

lab - Periosteium raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman’s triangle on Xray

Osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis

76
Q

lab - Podocyte fusion or effacement on electron microscopy

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

77
Q

lab - polished “ivory like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

78
Q

lab - protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau

A

Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer’s disease) and Pick’s bodies (pick’s disease)

79
Q

lab - Psammoma bodies

A

Meningiomas
papillary thyroid carcinoma
mesothelioma
papillary serious carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary

80
Q

lab - Pseudopalisading tumour cells on brain biopsy

A

glioblastoma multiforme

81
Q

lab - RBC casts in urine

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

82
Q

lab - rectangular, crystal like cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals

Leydig cell tumour

83
Q

lab - Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

84
Q

lab - Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

85
Q

lab - Rib notching

A

coarctation of aorta

86
Q

lab - Ring enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

87
Q

lab - Sheets of medium sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages (starry sky)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma
t(8:14) c-myc activation associated with EBV
Black sky made up of malignant cells

88
Q

lab - Silver staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies (Pick’s disease - progressive dementia, changes in personality)

89
Q

lab - “Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on Xray

A

Giant cell tumour of bone (generally benign)

90
Q

lab - Spikes on basement membrane, “dome-like” subepithelial deposits

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis - may progress to nephrotic syndrome

91
Q

lab - Stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation

- high ESR or Multiple myeloma

92
Q

lab - Stipled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue cells” Gardnerella vaginalis

93
Q

lab - Tennis racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

94
Q

lab - Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

95
Q

lab - “Thumb sign” on lateral Xray

A

Epiglottitis (haemophilus influenzae)

96
Q

lab - Thyroid like appearance of kidney

A

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

97
Q

lab - Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

98
Q

lab - Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

99
Q

lab - “Waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

Chronic end stage renal disease

100
Q

lab - WBC casts in urine

A

Acute pyelonephritis

101
Q

lab - WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL - almost always B cell

102
Q

lab - “Wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy

A

Lupus nephropathy

103
Q

lab - Yellowish CSF

A

Xanthochromia (due to subarachnoid haemorrhage)

Usmle (4 decks)

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