High-Yield #2

Question 1

Piaget’s Theory of Development

Answer 1

1. Sensorimotor
2. Pre-operational
3. Concrete operations
4. Formal operations

Question 2

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 2

(0-2 years)

birth to acquisition of language

construct knowledge b/w coordinating experiences and physical interaction with objects

object permanence

• By 2 years old, children will understand that you haven’t disappeared during peek-a-boo

Question 3

Pre-operations (2-7 years)

Answer 3

Language usage is strong

• development of correct syntax

1. Child cannot understand concrete logic/mentally manipulate info (conservation)
2. Egocentrism: can’t see from others’ points of view

Question 4

Concrete Operations (7-11 years)

Answer 4

Conservation fully developed

Egocentrism is eliminated

Concrete logic begins to emerge

• Children are able to solve problems relating to actual objects or events
• Cannot think abstractly

Question 5

Formal Operations (11+ years)

Answer 5

Abstract and reasoning is possible

Theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking

Strategy and planning become possible i.e. chess

Tests for formal operation/abstract thought

• Third-eye problem: where to put a 3rd eye?
• Pendulum problem: changing one variable

Question 6

Emotion

Answer 6

Three components

1. Subject experience = subjective interpretation of the mood of feeling
2. Physiological response = heart rate, BP
3. Behavioral response = facial expressions or body language

7 universal emotions:

Fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, sadness

Question 7

Emotions evolved via natural selection

Answer 7

examples:

Disgust would limit the intake of food that was bad

Fear, results in widening of eyes; able to take in more visual info

Question 8

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 8

Emotions arise from physiological arousal

• We feel fear bc of a physiological sympathetic response
• Problem: we have same responses to fear as we do for love

Question 9

Cannon-bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 9

Emotional experience and physiological arousal occur at the same time

• The emotion produced by the brain (experience) and the physiological response occur simultaneously and separately

Question 10

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Answer 10

Similar to James-Lange with interepretation

Physiological arousal happens first, but the emotion is interpretated in context

Question 11

Amygdala

Answer 11

fear response

Question 12

Thalamus

Answer 12

forms connections with important structures of limbic system

Question 13

Hypothalamus

Answer 13

Pleasure and rage

central part: aversion, displeasure, and laughing

Communicates with other limbic system structures for external stimuli

Question 14

Hippocampus

Answer 14

long term emotional memory

Question 15

Cingulate Gyrus

Answer 15

induces and emotional reaction to pain, and helps regulate aggressive behavior

Question 16

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 16

Dopamine reward pathway

Question 17

Freud’s Personality

Answer 17

Id: instincts

Ego: Reality

Superego: Morality, perfection, ideal self

We have partial conscious control of ego and super-ego.

Question 18

ID

Answer 18

100% unconscious

responsible for all instinctive and primitive behaviors

present from birth

impulsive part of psyche

Question 19

Ego

Answer 19

Mediates b/w the unrealistic Id and the real world

Works out realistic ways to satisfy Id

The ego is week compared to headstrong Id

Can’t stop Id, but points it in the right direction

Question 20

Superego

Answer 20

Part of psyche concerned with morals

Control Id’s impulses, especially those that society forbids

• Sexual and aggressive impulses

Also pushes ego to turn to moral goals instead of realistic ones

Strives for perfection

Two systems: conscience and ideal self