hhd unit 3 aos 2 Flashcards
3 main improvements in health since 1800
- life expectancy increased
- infant mortality decreased
- mortality rates decreased
2 leading causes of death in aus now
- cancers
- cardiovascular disease
factors for social model of health (IDEAR)
- involves intersectoral collaboration
- addresses the broader determinants of health
- empowers individuals + communities
- acts to increase access to healthcare
- acts to reduce social inequities
public health
refers particularly to the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease.
old public health
government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease
policies and practices in old public health
- mass vaccinations
- food quality regulation
- govt funded water, sewage, better sanitation
- strict quarantine laws
providing safe water
biomedical approach to health
focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. helps return people to pre-illness stage. individual based
examples of biomedical health
- vaccinations
- medication
- antibiotics (after ww2)
- penicillin
- x-ray (in 1940)
- stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (in 1910)
advantages of biomedical health
- creates advances in technology and research
- enables many common problems to be treated effectively
- extends life expectancy
- improves quality of life
disadvantages of biomedical health
- costly - relies on professional health workers and technology
- doesn’t always promote good h+wb
- not every condition can be treated
- affordability
examples of social model of health
- laws banning smoking
- health promotion
- tax on cigarettes
- school programs about health
health promotion
the process of enabling people to have control over + improve their health
the social model of health
takes into account the significant role that factors such as SES, access to healthcare, and social connectedness play in improving health status. focuses on prevention before treatment
5 principles of social health (IDEAR)
- involves intersectoral collaboration
- address broader determinants of health
- empowers individuals and communities
- act to enable access to healthcare
- act to reduce social inequity
advantages of the social model of health
- promotes good h+wb and assists in preventing diseases (prevents from developing in the first place)
- promotes overall h+wb
- relatively inexpensive
- focuses on vulnerable population groups (promotes equity)
- education can be passed on from generation to generation
- the responsibility of h+wb is shared
disadvantages of the social model of health
- not every condition can be prevented
- doesnt promote the development of technology and medical knowledge
- doesnt address the h+wb concerns of individuals
- health promo messages may be ignored
involves intersectoral collaboration
different sectors working together to achieve health gains/goals
addresses broader determinants
addressing environmental and sociocultural factors that influence our health behaviours
empowers individuals and communities
involving people in the decision making about their health and wellbeing so they feel more in control (giving knowledge and skills)
act to enable access to healthcare
addressing barriers to accessing healthcare
act to reduce social inequity
addressing sociocultural factors contributing to inequities
ottawa charter of health promotion
an approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health
three strategies
advocate, enable, mediate
ottawa action areas (bad cats smell dead rats)
build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community actions, develop personal skills, reorient health services
build healthy public policy
relates to laws and policies that make it difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours
create supportive environments
aims to promote a healthy physical and social environment
strengthen community actions
community working together to achieve a common goal
develop personal skills
providing education, knowledge, and skills so people can make decisions about their health
reorient health services
changing the focus from biomedical to health promotion
health promotion strategies to reduce smoking
- taxes on cigarettes, plain cigarette packaging, image of consequences, costly cigarettes, no advertisements for cigarettes, banned smoking in public places such as shopping centres, planes, and clubs
Examples of Indigenous programs
- learn earn legend - develop personal skills by encouraging youth to improve literacy and numeracy
- learn earn legend - strengthens community action as it’s delivered by aboriginal leaders
- aboriginal quitline - creates a supportive environment by providing confidential support
- feedin the mob - builds healthy public policy because it’s funded by the federal government
- ## be deadly, get healthy - reorients health services by improving h+wb and reduce chronic disease
criteria for Indigenous programs
- culturally appropriate
- funding is provided
- meet cultural needs
- Indigenous people are a part of it
why is smoking targetted?
- easily preventable through behaviour change
- contributes to a large amount of deaths
- high cost to healthcare system and australians
factors that influence dietary change (9 total, remember 3)
- personal preference
- willpower
- food marketing
- food security
- attitudes and beliefs
- time constraints and convenience
- education
- influence of family, culture, society, and religion
- health factors
personal preference
- food preferences
- difficult to change preferences
willpower
- changing diets require commitments
- social commitments make it harder to commit
food marketing
- marketing influences what we want to eat
food security
- not having access to or the means to access makes it harder
attitudes and beliefs
- people are resistant to try new stuff because of beliefs
- philosophical beliefs eg vegan, pescetarian
time constraints and convenience
- no time to cook when you work long hours
- rely on foods available at work
education
- lack of cooking skills
- lack of knowledge about healthy foods
influence of family, culture, society, religion
- early food experiences shaped by family
- personal preferences shaped by family
health factors
- emotional eating
- personal allergies
difference between biomedical and social models of health
- social involves a community-based approach and biomedical involves an individual focused approach
- Biomedical focuses on treating the disease once it’s there, and the new/social focuses on preventing it from even occurring
biomedical approach to smoking
- chest x-rays
- CT scans
- surgery
social model approach to smoking
- tax on cigarettes
- no ads for cigarettes
- education at school about dangers
dietary guidelines
Created to prevent diet related + chronic diseases and promote optimal h+wb
dietary guideline 1
to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs
dietary guideline 2
enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups everyday
dietary guideline 3
limit intake of foods containing saturated fats, added salt, added sugar, and alcohol
dietary guideline 4
encourage, support, and promote breastfeeding
dietary guideline 5
care for your food; prepare and store it safely
The Australian Guideline for Healthy Eating
visual representation of proportions of the five food groups. Aims to assist in consuming correct foods in correct amounts
difference between old health and new health
old public health - work in the physical environment
new public health - sociocultural environment
Medicare
Australia’s universal health insurance scheme. Provides free and subsidised medical treatment for all Australian citizens, permanent residents, and individuals in countries with reciprocal agreements
How medicare is funded
- medicare levy
- medicare levy surcharge
- general taxation
medicare levy
2% tax on income of all taxable incomes (low income are exempt)
medicare levy surcharge
additional 1-1.5% tax on individuals without PHI that are eligible for it
what medicare covers
- consultation fees
- pathology tests, eye tests etc.
- accomodation in public hospitals
- some dental procedures such as surgeries for young children
- 75% of the schedule fee for individuals in private hospital or private patient in a public hospital
what medicare doesnt cover
- cosmetic procedures
- elective surgery
- most dental care
- ambulance services
- home nursing care
advantages of medicare
- choice of doctor for out of hospital care
- available to all australian citizens
- covers tests and examinations
- medicare safety net provides extra financial contributions once co-payments reach a certain level
disadvantages of medicare
- no choice of doctor for in hospital care
- long waitlists for many treatments
- doesnt cover alternative therapies
- often doesnt cover the full amount
private health insurance
a type of insurance where individuals pay a premium (fee) in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare.
PHI incentives
- medicare levy surcharge
- PHI rebate
- lifetime health cover
PHI rebate
Policyholders receive a specific refund on their premiums depending on their income. Policyholders can choose to pay less in their premium or pay the total and reclaim it in their taxes
lifetime health cover
People who take up PHI after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they’re over the age of 30. Encourages younger people to take out PHI and keep it for life. After 10 years, the loading is removed
advantages of PHI
- enables access to private hospital care
- choice of doctor for in and out of hospital care
- shorter waiting periods
- helps keep the cost of running medicare under control
- high income owners who with PHI dont have to pay the levy
disadvantages of PHI
- expensive
- policies can be confusing for the average person
- sometimes individuals must pay the gap between medicare and PHI
medicare safety net
PBS
provides essential medication at a subsidised rate to all Australians (customers pay a co-payment)
Medication must be reviewed every 3 years
PBS safety net
ensures that once individuals (/ immediate family) have spent $1550.70 within a calendar year on PBS-listed medications, the patient only pays a concessional co-payment rate ($6.50) rather than the normal $40.80
NDIS
a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.
individualised plan
NDIS assists with: (4 factors)
- Access mainstream services and supports
- Access community services and supports
- Maintain informal support arrangements
- Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports
sustainability
relates to its caacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure such as facilities and equipment, and to be innovative and responsive to emerging needs through research
funding
relates to the financial resources provided to keep the health system adequately staffed and resourced so a high level of care is available
access
An accessible health system is one that can provide all people with timely access to quality health services based on their needs, not ability to pay regardless of where they live in the country
equity
relates to the health system taking into account differences in health needs
