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a hhd 3/4 > hhd unit 3 aos 2 > Flashcards

hhd unit 3 aos 2 Flashcards

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WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards
1
Q

3 main improvements in health since 1800

A
  • life expectancy increased
  • infant mortality decreased
  • mortality rates decreased
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2
Q

2 leading causes of death in aus now

A
  • cancers
  • cardiovascular disease
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3
Q

factors for social model of health (IDEAR)

A
  • involves intersectoral collaboration
  • addresses the broader determinants of health
  • empowers individuals + communities
  • acts to increase access to healthcare
  • acts to reduce social inequities
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4
Q

public health

A

refers particularly to the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease.

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5
Q

old public health

A

government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease

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6
Q

policies and practices in old public health

A
  • mass vaccinations
  • food quality regulation
  • govt funded water, sewage, better sanitation
  • strict quarantine laws
    providing safe water
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7
Q

biomedical approach to health

A

focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. helps return people to pre-illness stage. individual based

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8
Q

examples of biomedical health

A
  • vaccinations
  • medication
  • antibiotics (after ww2)
  • penicillin
  • x-ray (in 1940)
  • stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (in 1910)
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9
Q

advantages of biomedical health

A
  • creates advances in technology and research
  • enables many common problems to be treated effectively
  • extends life expectancy
  • improves quality of life
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10
Q

disadvantages of biomedical health

A
  • costly - relies on professional health workers and technology
  • doesn’t always promote good h+wb
  • not every condition can be treated
  • affordability
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11
Q

examples of social model of health

A
  • laws banning smoking
  • health promotion
  • tax on cigarettes
  • school programs about health
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12
Q

health promotion

A

the process of enabling people to have control over + improve their health

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13
Q

the social model of health

A

takes into account the significant role that factors such as SES, access to healthcare, and social connectedness play in improving health status. focuses on prevention before treatment

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14
Q

5 principles of social health (IDEAR)

A
  • involves intersectoral collaboration
  • address broader determinants of health
  • empowers individuals and communities
  • act to enable access to healthcare
  • act to reduce social inequity
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15
Q

advantages of the social model of health

A
  • promotes good h+wb and assists in preventing diseases (prevents from developing in the first place)
  • promotes overall h+wb
  • relatively inexpensive
  • focuses on vulnerable population groups (promotes equity)
  • education can be passed on from generation to generation
  • the responsibility of h+wb is shared
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16
Q

disadvantages of the social model of health

A
  • not every condition can be prevented
  • doesnt promote the development of technology and medical knowledge
  • doesnt address the h+wb concerns of individuals
  • health promo messages may be ignored
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17
Q

involves intersectoral collaboration

A

different sectors working together to achieve health gains/goals

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18
Q

addresses broader determinants

A

addressing environmental and sociocultural factors that influence our health behaviours

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19
Q

empowers individuals and communities

A

involving people in the decision making about their health and wellbeing so they feel more in control (giving knowledge and skills)

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20
Q

act to enable access to healthcare

A

addressing barriers to accessing healthcare

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21
Q

act to reduce social inequity

A

addressing sociocultural factors contributing to inequities

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22
Q

ottawa charter of health promotion

A

an approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health

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23
Q

three strategies

A

advocate, enable, mediate

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24
Q

ottawa action areas (bad cats smell dead rats)

A

build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community actions, develop personal skills, reorient health services

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25
Q

build healthy public policy

A

relates to laws and policies that make it difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours

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26
Q

create supportive environments

A

aims to promote a healthy physical and social environment

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27
Q

strengthen community actions

A

community working together to achieve a common goal

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28
Q

develop personal skills

A

providing education, knowledge, and skills so people can make decisions about their health

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29
Q

reorient health services

A

changing the focus from biomedical to health promotion

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30
Q

health promotion strategies to reduce smoking

A
  • taxes on cigarettes, plain cigarette packaging, image of consequences, costly cigarettes, no advertisements for cigarettes, banned smoking in public places such as shopping centres, planes, and clubs
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31
Q

Examples of Indigenous programs

A
  • learn earn legend - develop personal skills by encouraging youth to improve literacy and numeracy
  • learn earn legend - strengthens community action as it’s delivered by aboriginal leaders
  • aboriginal quitline - creates a supportive environment by providing confidential support
  • feedin the mob - builds healthy public policy because it’s funded by the federal government
  • ## be deadly, get healthy - reorients health services by improving h+wb and reduce chronic disease
32
Q

criteria for Indigenous programs

A
  • culturally appropriate
  • funding is provided
  • meet cultural needs
  • Indigenous people are a part of it
33
Q

why is smoking targetted?

A
  • easily preventable through behaviour change
  • contributes to a large amount of deaths
  • high cost to healthcare system and australians
34
Q

factors that influence dietary change (9 total, remember 3)

A
  • personal preference
  • willpower
  • food marketing
  • food security
  • attitudes and beliefs
  • time constraints and convenience
  • education
  • influence of family, culture, society, and religion
  • health factors
35
Q

personal preference

A
  • food preferences
  • difficult to change preferences
36
Q

willpower

A
  • changing diets require commitments
  • social commitments make it harder to commit
37
Q

food marketing

A
  • marketing influences what we want to eat
38
Q

food security

A
  • not having access to or the means to access makes it harder
39
Q

attitudes and beliefs

A
  • people are resistant to try new stuff because of beliefs
  • philosophical beliefs eg vegan, pescetarian
40
Q

time constraints and convenience

A
  • no time to cook when you work long hours
  • rely on foods available at work
41
Q

education

A
  • lack of cooking skills
  • lack of knowledge about healthy foods
42
Q

influence of family, culture, society, religion

A
  • early food experiences shaped by family
  • personal preferences shaped by family
43
Q

health factors

A
  • emotional eating
  • personal allergies
44
Q

difference between biomedical and social models of health

A
  • social involves a community-based approach and biomedical involves an individual focused approach
  • Biomedical focuses on treating the disease once it’s there, and the new/social focuses on preventing it from even occurring
45
Q

biomedical approach to smoking

A
  • chest x-rays
  • CT scans
  • surgery
46
Q

social model approach to smoking

A
  • tax on cigarettes
  • no ads for cigarettes
  • education at school about dangers
47
Q

dietary guidelines

A

Created to prevent diet related + chronic diseases and promote optimal h+wb

48
Q

dietary guideline 1

A

to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs

49
Q

dietary guideline 2

A

enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups everyday

50
Q

dietary guideline 3

A

limit intake of foods containing saturated fats, added salt, added sugar, and alcohol

51
Q

dietary guideline 4

A

encourage, support, and promote breastfeeding

52
Q

dietary guideline 5

A

care for your food; prepare and store it safely

53
Q

The Australian Guideline for Healthy Eating

A

visual representation of proportions of the five food groups. Aims to assist in consuming correct foods in correct amounts

54
Q

difference between old health and new health

A

old public health - work in the physical environment
new public health - sociocultural environment

55
Q

Medicare

A

Australia’s universal health insurance scheme. Provides free and subsidised medical treatment for all Australian citizens, permanent residents, and individuals in countries with reciprocal agreements

56
Q

How medicare is funded

A
  • medicare levy
  • medicare levy surcharge
  • general taxation
57
Q

medicare levy

A

2% tax on income of all taxable incomes (low income are exempt)

58
Q

medicare levy surcharge

A

additional 1-1.5% tax on individuals without PHI that are eligible for it

59
Q

what medicare covers

A
  • consultation fees
  • pathology tests, eye tests etc.
  • accomodation in public hospitals
  • some dental procedures such as surgeries for young children
  • 75% of the schedule fee for individuals in private hospital or private patient in a public hospital
60
Q

what medicare doesnt cover

A
  • cosmetic procedures
  • elective surgery
  • most dental care
  • ambulance services
  • home nursing care
61
Q

advantages of medicare

A
  • choice of doctor for out of hospital care
  • available to all australian citizens
  • covers tests and examinations
  • medicare safety net provides extra financial contributions once co-payments reach a certain level
62
Q

disadvantages of medicare

A
  • no choice of doctor for in hospital care
  • long waitlists for many treatments
  • doesnt cover alternative therapies
  • often doesnt cover the full amount
63
Q

private health insurance

A

a type of insurance where individuals pay a premium (fee) in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare.

64
Q

PHI incentives

A
  • medicare levy surcharge
  • PHI rebate
  • lifetime health cover
65
Q

PHI rebate

A

Policyholders receive a specific refund on their premiums depending on their income. Policyholders can choose to pay less in their premium or pay the total and reclaim it in their taxes

66
Q

lifetime health cover

A

People who take up PHI after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they’re over the age of 30. Encourages younger people to take out PHI and keep it for life. After 10 years, the loading is removed

67
Q

advantages of PHI

A
  • enables access to private hospital care
  • choice of doctor for in and out of hospital care
  • shorter waiting periods
  • helps keep the cost of running medicare under control
  • high income owners who with PHI dont have to pay the levy
68
Q

disadvantages of PHI

A
  • expensive
  • policies can be confusing for the average person
  • sometimes individuals must pay the gap between medicare and PHI
69
Q

medicare safety net

A
70
Q

PBS

A

provides essential medication at a subsidised rate to all Australians (customers pay a co-payment)
Medication must be reviewed every 3 years

71
Q

PBS safety net

A

ensures that once individuals (/ immediate family) have spent $1550.70 within a calendar year on PBS-listed medications, the patient only pays a concessional co-payment rate ($6.50) rather than the normal $40.80

72
Q

NDIS

A

a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.
individualised plan

73
Q

NDIS assists with: (4 factors)

A
  • Access mainstream services and supports
  • Access community services and supports
  • Maintain informal support arrangements
  • Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports
74
Q

sustainability

A

relates to its caacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure such as facilities and equipment, and to be innovative and responsive to emerging needs through research

75
Q

funding

A

relates to the financial resources provided to keep the health system adequately staffed and resourced so a high level of care is available

76
Q

access

A

An accessible health system is one that can provide all people with timely access to quality health services based on their needs, not ability to pay regardless of where they live in the country

77
Q

equity

A

relates to the health system taking into account differences in health needs

a hhd 3/4 (6 decks)

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