HHD SAC 3

Question 1

public health

Answer 1

the organised response to by society to protect and promote health and prevent illness, injury or disease

Question 2

examples of public health action

Answer 2

-improving water quality
-improving immunisation in the population
-campaigns to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS
-screening programs for breast cancer
-anti-smoking education campaigns

Question 3

old public health

Answer 3

-focuses on the health of early settlement in Australia, from 1790s-1980’s
-aims to control infectious diseases and sanitary measures
-aims to improve the race (medical inspection programs)
-developing medicine in solving previous medical mysteries
-focuses on the individuals case in the new formed medical industry

Question 4

biomedical model of health

Answer 4

focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. it is a medical model of care practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease

Question 5

advances in biomedicine

Answer 5

-diagnostic tools and equipment (x-rays)
-MRI and CT scanning
-blood testing
-pharmaceauticals to treat diseases
-medical procedures (organ transplants)

Question 6

‘new’ public health

Answer 6

-referred to as the second revolution in public health that emerged 1970-present day. it involves a new healthcare system that was created as a result of increased awareness of lifestyle in affecting our health
-focuses on improving social, economic and physical environments in order to improve health and wellbeing

Question 7

developments between old and new public health

Answer 7

-shifts the definition of health in being a positive term
-concerned with ALL threats to health as well as sustainability
-equity for all population groups is at the forefront

Question 8

social model of health

Answer 8

A model in which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed.

Question 9

AREAS principles (social model of health)

Answer 9

A - addresses the broader determinants of health
R - reduce social inequities
E - empowers individuals and communities
A - acts to enable access to healthcare
S - involves inter Sectorial collaboration (government and local collaboration)

Question 10

ottawa charter for health promotion

Answer 10

An approach to health-promotion development by the WHO that attempts to reduce inequalities in health. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health’ The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion: enabling, mediating and advocacy.

Question 11

Health Promotion definition

Answer 11

the process of enabling people to increase control over the factors of health and thereby improve their health.

Question 12

Action areas for the Ottawa charter for health promotion

Answer 12

-Build healthy public policy
-Create supportive environments
-Strengthen community action
-Develop personal skills
-Reorient health service

Question 13

strengths and limitations of biomedical model of health

Answer 13

enables surgery and life changing medication to be implemented for people that have a chronic illness or disease
helps approach it from a medical POV
is expensive and not necessarily affordable for everyone

Question 14

strengths and limiations of social model of health

Answer 14

-helps to approach health from a lifestyle POV
-aims to fix lifestyle factors that may contribute to poor health
-seeks to achieve equality for all population groups
-is hard to make a one size fits all model
-may not be applicable to all population groups
-

Question 15

relationship between biomedical and social models of health

Answer 15

they are both needed in order for health status to improve, neither can stand alone or work individually

Question 16

people involved in Australia’s healthcare system

Answer 16

-doctors
-nurses
-specialists
-allied health professionals
-hospitals
-clinics
-research centres
-pharmaceutical companies
-private health companies

Question 17

Schedule fee vs Gap fee

Answer 17

Schedule fee: what the government is willing to pay the doctor for a service and therefore what they should charge
Gap fee: what the doctor may charge more than or less than the set schedule fee, therefore creating a “gap” between the two costs for the patient.

Question 18

Medicare levy and levy surcharge

Answer 18

Levy: most taxpayers pay this fee in addition to GP fees to help sustain Medicare
Levy Surcharge: once you have gone over the Medicare Levy Surcharge threshold you and dont have private health insurance you must pay an additional amount

Question 19

Medicare explained

Answer 19

-Australia’s universal healthcare system implemented in 1984
-Aims to provide access to adequate healthcare at little or no cost to all Australians regardless of their age or income
-It is funded by the federal government partially through general taxes and medicare levy fee

Question 20

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)

Answer 20

-aims to subsidise the cost of a wide range of over 5000 prescription medications
-provides people with vital medications at affordable prices (especially if it is a repeating script)
-most medications are covered but not all

Question 21

Private Health Insurance

Answer 21

-is an additional premium that covers the cost of additional services not covered by medicare such as dental care and physiotherapy etc.
-helps contribute to the healthcare system by covering some costs associated with hospital treatments
-is funded by the members who pay for it

Question 22

The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)

Answer 22

-funded by the commonwealth government
-helps to fund or subsidise costs for disabled people and the carers that look after them (costs of equipment, in home carers, appointments etc)

Question 23

how the healthcare system promotes health

Answer 23

-Sustainability: ensuring that the healthcare system can be sustained for future generations
-Access: ensuring healthcare services are financially, socially and geographically accessible
-Equity: ensuring those who need it most have access to the services that they need (disabled people etc)

Question 24

intiatives to promote Indigenous health and wellbeing

Answer 24

› The Close the Gap campaign
› Tackling Indigenous Smoking (TIS)
› The National Tobacco Campaign
› Aboriginal Quitline
› Deadly Choices
› Red Dust Healing
› Aboriginal Road to Good Health.

Question 25

strengths and limiations of

Question 26

skin cancer/sun smart why it was targeted

Answer 26

-it is the 4th most common diagnosed cancer and accounts for 10% of cancers diagnosed in australia
-it is increasing the mortality rate with 1839 deaths as a result of melanoma cancer
-it is targeted because of its economic burden through Medicare subsidised programs

Question 27

skin cancer campaign and the 5 OTTAWA areas

Answer 27

Build healthy public policy: Advocated for shade and
sun protection policies to be required by early childhood
services. Input into the Australian Standards for items such as clothing, sunglasses and sunscreen

Create Supportive Environments: Advocating for shade in schools, early childhood services, workplaces and public places. Making information available
for the public to make healthy choices. Best practice advice and policy support for workplaces, schools and early childhood services.

Strengthen community action: Work collaboratively with
SunSmart teams and Cancer Councils around Australia. Actively working with and advocating to/for relevant
stakeholders, for example: Schools/early childhood/
tertiary organisation Workplaces, particularly those who work outdoors, Health professionals, Government bodies, World Health Organization

Develop Personal Skills: Awareness campaigns to increase the public’s knowledge about UV and sun protection. Free information on our website to help people to properly protect themselves and check
their skin Education sessions for workplaces, tertiary
organisations, schools and early childhood services.

Reorient Health Services: Education workshops
at conferences. Resources for health professionals so they are able to provide best-practice recommendations to patients. Supporting general practitioners (GPs) to
detect skin cancer earlier.

Question 28

healthy eating iniatives

Answer 28

Australian Dietary Guidelines: helps to promote healthy eating from a wide variety of categories
Healthy Eating Pyramid: A pyramid that alongside the ADG helps to encourage people to eat a wide variety of foods across a massive range of food groups.
Nutrition Australia: Nutrition Australia consists of a national board that is responsible for policies
and national programs such as National Nutrition Week. They also have smaller state divisions and this allows Nutrition Australia to respond to local needs and provide targeted education and health promotion.

Question 29

why is dietary change difficult to achieve in australia?

Answer 29

• sociocultural influences: income, culture, family and peers, attitudes and beliefs, education (knowledge and skills)
• Personal factors: personal taste preferences, meal patterns
• biological influences: age, stress levels
• environmental influences: food availability
  and security.