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Cardiology > HF - Pathology > Flashcards

HF - Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Average normal central venous pressure

A

6mm Hg

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2
Q

Average normal LVEDP

A

10mm Hg

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3
Q

Average normal LVEDV

A

150mL

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4
Q

Average normal SV

A

100mL

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5
Q

Normal Ejection Fracture

A

67%

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6
Q

LVEDP, LVEDV, SV, EF, LVESF in failing heart? (increases or decreases)

A

LVEDP increases, LVEDV increases, SV decreases, EF decreases, LVESV increases

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7
Q

Initial symptom of heart failure

A

dyspnea with exertion

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8
Q

Most heart failure patients are right fail, left fail, or both fail?

A

both

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9
Q

Threshold for heart failure- when symptoms begin

A

25% reduction in forward stroke volume

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10
Q

Surgical emergency associated with HF

A

severe acute uncompensated aortic regurg

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11
Q

Mitral valve regurg… cause or effect of HF?

A

can be either

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12
Q

Mitral regurg causes heart murmur during?

A

systole

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13
Q

Mitral stenosis causes heart murmur during

A

diastole

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14
Q

aortic regurg causes heart murmur during

A

diastole

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15
Q

aortic stenosis causes heart murmur during

A

systole

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16
Q

Left heart failure symptoms

A
  1. dyspnea on exertion, progressing to dyspnea at rest 2. Orthopnea 3. PND (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea) 4. Fatigue
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17
Q

Right heart failure symptoms

A
  1. Edema of feet, then ankles, then legs 2. Abdominal distention
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18
Q

Left heart failure signs

A
  1. bibasilar pulmonary crackles 2. Tachycardia 3. S3 4. Pedal, ankle, or leg edema
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19
Q

Right heart failure signs

A
  1. Pedal, ankle, or leg edema 2. JVD 3. Hepatomegaly 4. Ascites
20
Q

Pulmonary capillary pressure that causes interstitial pulmonary edema

A

20mm Hg

21
Q

Pulmonary capillary pressure that causes alveolar pulmonary edema

A

25 mm Hg

22
Q

What other pathologic conditions can cause acute lung injury and pulmonary edema

A

septic shock and hemorrhagic shock

23
Q

Septic shock has what pulmonary capillary pressure

A

normal

24
Q

Hemorrhagic shock has what pulmonary capillary pressure

A

low

25
Q

The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is the same as…

A

the left atrial pressure and the LVEDP

26
Q

Elderly patient with dyspnea, orthopnea, PND, crackles, and normal EF associated with?

A

Systolic Heart Failure

27
Q

Long standing HTN, obesity, and concentric LVH associated with

A

Normal (I’m not sure what this means)

28
Q

Noncompliant stiff LV with impaired diastolic function and filling with preserved EF associated with?

A

Diastolic heart failure

29
Q

HF patients have tachycardia by what pathophys mechanisms?

A
  1. Sympathetic stim 2. Epi and Norepi from the adrenal
30
Q

HF patients have what elevated peptide?

A

B-type natriuretic

31
Q

What increases release of natriuretic peptides?

A

stretch or increase in cardiac chamber volume

32
Q

What is the effect of BNP?

A

vasodilation, increased urinary sodium excretion (counterregulatory)

33
Q

Clinical scenario for HF with preserved EF?

A

Elderly, HTN, obesity, concentric LVH, impaired compliance

34
Q

Dysfunction with compensated HF w/ preserved EF?

A

diastolic

35
Q

Dysfunction with decompensated HF and decreased EF?

A

systolic

36
Q

HF progression of patients with large M.I.?

A

straight to HF with systolic dysfunction and decreased EF

37
Q

Highest mortality HF hemodynamic profile? (congestion and perfusion)

A

Cold and wet (40% die)

38
Q

What can cause heart failure by itself

A

Extreme fat-assness (morbid obesity)

39
Q

Shock that causes vasodilation, making the capacitance of the vascular system too big for the amount of blood volume

A

distributive shock

40
Q

shock that blocks enough of pulmonary circulation (i.e. T-E, cardiac tamponade)

A

Obstructive shock

41
Q

biochemical sign of shock

A

elevated serum lactate

42
Q

hemodynamic sign of shock

A

hypotension

43
Q

Behavior of shock patient

A

disoriented, confused, obtundation

44
Q

Skin of shock patient

A

mottled, cold, clammy, pale, cyanotic

45
Q

urine in shock patient

A

decreased output

46
Q

Nutmeg liver can be a sign of?

A

Right heart failure

47
Q

Heart failure cells (siderophages) can be a sign of

A

Left heart failure

Cardiology (14 decks)

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