HF - Exam 2 Flashcards
with HF myocardial injury causes a fall in ______ ( dec ___ and dec ____)
fall in LV performance (dec CO and dec BP)
the DEC BP and DEC CO leads to the activation of
3 compensatory mechanisms
these compensatory mechanisms are initially ____ but eventually…
initially adaptive (maintain BP and INC CO) but eventually become maladaptive (cause myocyte remodeling and death)
list the compensatory mechanisms of HF
- overexpression of neurohormones (NE, E, ANG 2, ald) - SNS stimulation and RAAS system
- release of peptides and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL, ET)
- growth fiber and fibroblast proliferation- interstitial remodeling
the activation of compensatory systems produces ______ and INC _____ so the heart must work harder
profuse vasoconstriction and INC afterload so the heart must work harder
RAAS hormones are ____ to mycoytes and increase morbidity and mortality
toxic
_____ cause remodeling and reduced contractility
catecholamines
SNS stimulation causes an INC ____
NE in plasma
with SNS stimulation, the medulla releases ____ in response to
catecholamines in response to DEC CO and systemic BP
RAAS is activated by
DEC perfusion to kidney
renin converts ___ to ____ which vasoconstricts and INC afterload, initially INC BP, but ____ over time
renin converts AT1 to AT2 which vasoconstricts and INC afterload, initially INC BP, but DEC over time
interstitial remodeling in the short term will ____ which will ____
increase collagen formation which will DEC ventricular dilation
interstitial remodeling in the long term will DEC ____
compliance (diastolic dysfunction)
left sided HF leads to ____ congestion
pulmonary
right sided HF leads to ____ congestion
circulatory congestion of peripheral tissues
