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Patho 2 > GI tract - Exam 1 > Flashcards

GI tract - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

UPPER GI bleeding would occur in what 3 places

A

esophagus, stomach, duodenum

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2
Q

LOWER GI bleeding would occur in what 4 places

A

jejunum, illiu,m, colon, rectum

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3
Q

signs of UPPER GI bleeding

A

hematemesis, melena

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4
Q

sign of LOWER GI bleeding

A

hematochezia

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5
Q

upper GI and lower GI are separated by

A

the ligament of treitz

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6
Q

dysphagia is

A

difficulty swallowing

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7
Q

mechanical dysphagia is due to

A

muscle weakness

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8
Q

functional dysphagia is due to

A

neuronal issues

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9
Q

an example of rare functional dysphagia

A

achalasia

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10
Q

achalasia is

A

denervation of smooth muscle in the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter

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11
Q

CDAD stands for

A

c diff associated diarrhea

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12
Q

CDAD occurs bc antiBX…

A

wipe out normal/beneficial flora and C diff multiplies rapidly

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13
Q

C diff produces ___ and ____

A

toxins A and B

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14
Q

toxins a and b produce

A

inflammatory response of diarrhea/colitis & pseudomembranous formation on the lining of the colon by neutrophils

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15
Q

hyper-virrulent strain of c diff

A

NAP1/207

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16
Q

NAP1/207 has ____ more toxin a and ___ more toxin b

A

16X more toxin A and 23X more toxin B

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17
Q

____ is a more effective treatment for CDAD than vanco

A

fecal transplantation (81-94% cured vs 23-31%)

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18
Q

2 types of hiatal hernias

A

sliding and paraesophageal

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19
Q

sliding hernia is when

A

stomach comes up through duodenum

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20
Q

paraesophageal hernia is when

A

stomach comes up and esophageal sphincter goes down through diaphragm

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21
Q

chronic fundal gastritis is also known as

A

type a

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22
Q

chronic astral gastritis is also known as

A

type b

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23
Q

chronic fundal gastritis/type a is an ___ reaction

A

immune

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24
Q

chronic fundal gastritis/type a causes ___ and ____

A

atrophy and pernicious anemia

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25
Q

chronic antral gastritis/type b is not immune and caused by ___/___

A

NSAIDS/H pylori

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26
Q

pernicious anemia is ____ anemia

A

b 12 deficiency

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27
Q

pernicious anemia is usually ___ and caused by a dec in RBC due to B12 deficiency or lack of intrinsic factor

A

auto-immune

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28
Q

compare erosions and ulcers

A

erosions are superficial and confined to the epithelial layer vs ulcers which are deep and penetrate into the muscularis mucosa of the duodenal/gastric wall

29
Q

with a ____ ulcer the pain is IMMEDIATE after eating

30
Q

with a ____ ulcer the pain comes 20-30 min after eating

A

duodenal (chyme empties from stomach to duodenum)

31
Q

peptic ulcer disease is caused by

A

helicobacter pylori

32
Q

h pylori produces ____ which increases gastric inflammation and causes erosions and ulcers

33
Q

____ is associated with gastrinomas

A

zolling-ellison syndrome

34
Q

in zolling-ellison syndrome gastrinomas secrete ____ and cause gastric and duodenal ulcers

A

chronic secretion of gastric acid

35
Q

____ are peptic ulcers related to a severe illness, multi system organ failure or trauma

A

stress ulcers

36
Q

VIT A deficiency will lead to

A

night blindness

37
Q

VIT D deficiency will lead to

A

dec calcium absorption

38
Q

VIT K deficiency will lead to

A

clotting issues

39
Q

VIT E deficiency will lead to (2 things)

A

testicular atrophy and neurological defects

40
Q

ulcerative colitis has ____ inflammation of the ____

A

DIFFUSE inflammation of the mucosal wall (inner)

41
Q

with UC the inflammation is limited to the

42
Q

with UC the pattern of inflammation is

A

uninterrupted

43
Q

with chrons disease the inflammation is ____ and ____

A

patchy and transmural

44
Q

with CD inflammation affects

A

ANY part of GI (mouth to anus)

45
Q

with CD there are ____ and a ____

A

skip lesions and a cobblestone effect

46
Q

diverticular disease affects the

47
Q

with diverticular disease the asymptomatic stage is ____ and the inflammatory stage is ____

A

diverticulosis is asymptomatic

diverticulitis is inflammatory

48
Q

liver cirrhosis is a

A

irreversible inflammatory fibrotic disease that disrupts liver fx

49
Q

2 causes of liver cirrhosis

A

alcohol abuse and viral hepatitis

50
Q

with liver cirrhosis _______ leading to portal HTN

A

biliary channels become obstructed

51
Q

portal HTN is when blood is _____

A

shunted away from the liver (necrosis)

52
Q

4 signs/sx of portal HTN

A
  1. varices
  2. distended veins
  3. ascites
  4. splenomegaly
53
Q

varices are caused by ___

A

portal HTN

54
Q

varices are distended veins that can occur in the __ (3 places)

A

esophagus, stomach, rectum

55
Q

dx tool for ascites

A

SAAG (serum ascites albumin gradient)

56
Q

route of transmission for HEP A

A

fecal/oral route

57
Q

HEP A is only ___ and is ___

A

acute and is self-resolving

58
Q

HEP ___ and ___ have vaccines

59
Q

HEP B route of transmission

A

blood/body fluid, needles, maternal transmission in third tri

60
Q

HEP C route of transmission

A

post transfusion, blood, high risk sexual activity

61
Q

HEP C has no

62
Q

jaundice is also called

63
Q

skin pigmentation in jaundice is due to

A

hyperbilirubinemia

64
Q

3 causes of jaundice

A

cirrhosis, hepatitis, hemolysis of RBC

65
Q

acute pancreatitis dx tool

A

serum lipase

66
Q

acute pancreatitis can

A

resolve spontaneously

67
Q

chronic pancreatitis is caused by ____ and can lead to ____

A

alcohol abuse and can lead to chronic changes

68
Q

with chronic pancreatitis ____ and ____ are destroyed and replaced by scar tissue

A

acinar cells and islets of langerhans

Patho 2 (6 decks)

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