Heuristik och Rationalitet - Del 1 Flashcards
Heuristiker och rationalitet
Definition: Heuristiker och rationalitet beskriver den mentala processen där individer använder kognitiva genvägar (heuristiker) för att fatta snabba beslut, vilket kan avvika från fullständig rationalitet.
Explanation: Vi använder ofta tumregler (heuristiker) för att snabbt bedöma situationer, vilket sparar kognitiv energi. Detta kan leda till felaktiga bedömningar, men är ofta effektivt. Jämför med att välja den snabbaste vägen till jobbet kontra att planera den absolut kortaste, mest tidseffektiva rutten.
Illusory superiority
Definition: Illusory superiority is the cognitive bias where individuals overestimate their own abilities, qualities, or performance relative to others.
Explanation: Imagine a group of students taking an exam. Those scoring poorly might still believe they performed better than average, while high-scorers might accurately assess their performance. This inflated self-perception is illusory superiority, highlighting the disconnect between objective reality and subjective experience. It’s related to the Dunning-Kruger effect, which emphasizes the inverse correlation between competence and confidence.
Dunning-Kruger-effect
Definition: The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias where individuals with low ability at a task overestimate their competence, while highly competent individuals tend to underestimate their abilities.
Explanation: Imagine a novice painter believing their work is masterful, while a renowned artist doubts their skill. This disparity arises from a lack of metacognitive awareness; less skilled individuals lack the knowledge to recognize their deficiencies.
Normativ rationalitet
Definition: Normative rationality refers to an idealized standard of reasoning, where decisions are made by weighing all available evidence and options to maximize expected utility.
Explanation: Imagine a perfectly logical computer calculating the best chess move. Normative rationality is like that: a theoretical ideal of perfect decision-making, often contrasted with how people actually make decisions (descriptive rationality).
Deskriptiv rationalitet
Definition: Deskriptiv rationalitet beskriver hur människor faktiskt fattar beslut, snarare än hur de borde fatta beslut enligt en idealiserad modell.
Explanation: Tänk dig att du ska välja mellan två restauranger. Normativ rationalitet säger att du ska våga alla faktorer (pris, kvalitet, avstånd etc.) och välja den bästa. Deskriptiv rationalitet erkänner att du kanske bara väljer den du känner till eller den som ligger närmast, vilket är mer realistiskt.
Bounded rationality
Definition: Bounded rationality is a behavioral model that suggests that decision-making is limited by cognitive constraints, incomplete information, and time pressures, leading to suboptimal but satisfactory choices.
Explanation: Imagine choosing between many brands of coffee. Perfect rationality would involve analyzing every factor. Bounded rationality means you’ll consider a few key factors (price, taste) and pick one that’s ‘good enough’, not necessarily the absolute best. This reflects our cognitive limitations.
Kognitiva begränsningar, ofullständig information och tidsbegränsningar
Definition: Kognitiva begränsningar, ofullständig information och tidsbegränsningar refererar till de inbyggda mentala begränsningarna, den ofta ofullständiga informationen vi har tillgång till och de tidsmässiga restriktioner som påverkar våra kognitiva processer och beslutsfattande.
Explanation: Tänk dig att du ska välja mellan två jobb. Du har begränsad tid att utvärdera dem, ofullständig information om lån och arbetsvillkor, och din hjärna kan bara processa så mycket information åt gången. Detta illustrerar hur kognitiva begränsningar, bristande information och tidsbrist påverkar våra val. Det är relaterat till begreppet “bounded rationality”, där rationella beslut begränsas av dessa faktorer.
Normativa och deskriptiva heuristiker
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Wisdom of crowds
Definition: The wisdom of crowds is the phenomenon where the aggregated judgments of a diverse group of individuals are often more accurate and reliable than the judgment of any single expert.
Explanation: Imagine asking a large group of people to guess the number of beans in a jar. While individual guesses will vary wildly, the average of all guesses will likely be surprisingly close to the true number. This illustrates how diverse perspectives can compensate for individual biases, leading to a collective wisdom.
Anchoring
Definition: Anchoring is a cognitive bias where individuals depend too heavily on an initial piece of information offered (the ‘anchor’) when making decisions, even if that information is irrelevant.
Explanation: Imagine you’re negotiating a car’s price. If the seller starts at $20,000, you’ll likely anchor to that number, even if a fair price is lower. Anchoring demonstrates how initial information can skew subsequent judgments.
Konformitet
Definition: Conformity is the act of aligning one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of a group or social norm, often due to real or imagined social pressure.
Explanation: Imagine a group of people all looking up at a tall building. Even if you don’t know why, you might also look up, demonstrating conformity. This happens because we often prioritize fitting in and avoiding social disapproval.
Asch’s konformitetsexperiment
Definition: Asch’s conformity experiment is a series of studies demonstrating the power of social pressure to influence individual judgment, even when the correct answer is obvious.
Explanation: Participants were asked to judge line lengths, with confederates intentionally giving incorrect answers. A significant portion of participants conformed to the group’s wrong answer, highlighting the influence of majority opinion on individual perception and behavior. This relates to concepts of social influence and conformity.
