Attityder Flashcards
Attityder
Definition: Attitudes are learned, enduring evaluations of people, objects, or ideas that influence our thoughts and behaviors.
Explanation: Imagine attitudes as mental magnets, pulling our thoughts and actions towards or away from something. For example, a positive attitude towards exercise might lead to regular workouts, while a negative attitude towards spiders might trigger avoidance.
Attitydobjekt
Definition: An attitude object is the target of an attitude, the entity, person, issue, or event toward which an individual holds a specific evaluation.
Explanation: Imagine you have a positive attitude toward chocolate. Chocolate is the attitude object; your attitude is the positive evaluation. Similarly, your attitude toward exams might be negative; the exam itself is the attitude object.
Attityders struktur (Kognitiv, Affektiv och en Beteendekomponent)
Definition: Attityders struktur (Kognitiv, Affektiv och en Beteendekomponent) refers to the three components that form an attitude: the cognitive component (beliefs and thoughts), the affective component (feelings and emotions), and the behavioral component (actions and intentions).
Explanation: Imagine you have an attitude towards chocolate. The cognitive component involves your beliefs (e.g., “chocolate is delicious”), the affective component your feelings (e.g., “I love the taste”), and the behavioral component your actions (e.g., “I often buy chocolate”). These three components interact and influence each other to shape your overall attitude.
Attityders funktion
Utilitarisk, Kunskap, Ego-försvar, Uttryck för värdering
Cognitive dissonance (Attityder)
Definition: Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs, ideas, or values.
Explanation: Imagine believing smoking is harmful but enjoying it. This conflict creates dissonance, motivating you to reduce it, perhaps by downplaying the health risks or quitting. Dissonance highlights the tension between attitudes and behavior.
LaPierre (1934)
Definition: LaPiere’s (1934) study is a classic demonstration of the discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, showing that expressed prejudice did not predict actual behavior in a real-world setting.
Explanation: LaPiere traveled with a Chinese couple, documenting whether they were served at various establishments. Despite widespread anti-Chinese prejudice (as later revealed by a questionnaire), they were only refused service once. This highlights the limitations of relying solely on self-reported attitudes to predict behavior.
Skillnaden mellan implicita och explicita attityder
Definition: Skillnaden mellan implicita och explicita attityder ligger i hur medvetna vi är om våra attityder och hur de påverkar vårt beteende. Explicita attityder är medvetna och direkt rapporterbara, medan implicita attityder är omedvetna och påverkar beteendet utan vår vetskap.
Explanation: Tänk dig att du säger att du älskar hundar (explicit attityd). Men när du ser en lös hund, blir du rädd och springer (implicit attityd). Den implicita attityden avslöjar en djupare, möjligen motsägelsefull, känsla än den medvetna, deklarerade attityden. Implicit Association Test (IAT) används för att mäta implicita attityder.
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Definition: The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a measure of implicit attitudes or automatic associations between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory.
Explanation: Imagine sorting words like “good” and “bad” alongside images of different social groups. The IAT measures the speed of your responses; faster pairings suggest stronger implicit associations. It reveals unconscious biases that may differ from your consciously held beliefs.
Mere Exposure Effect
Definition: The mere-exposure effect is the psychological phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases an individual’s preference for it.
Explanation: Imagine hearing a new song; initially, you might be indifferent. However, with repeated plays, you find yourself enjoying it more. This is mere exposure: increased liking through familiarity, even without conscious awareness of the repetitions. It highlights the impact of unconscious processes on our preferences.
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Definition: The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) posits that an individual’s intention to perform a specific behaviour is the most significant predictor of that behaviour, shaped by their attitude toward the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control.
Explanation: Imagine deciding whether to recycle. Your attitude (recycling is good), subjective norm (friends recycle), and perceived control (it’s easy) all influence your intention to recycle, which in turn predicts your actual recycling behaviour. These three factors combine to shape your behaviour.
Elaboration-Likelyhood Model (ELM)
Definition: The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) posits that persuasion occurs through two distinct routes: the central route, involving careful consideration of message content, and the peripheral route, relying on superficial cues.
Explanation: Imagine choosing a university. Central route: You meticulously research programs, faculty, and career prospects. Peripheral route: You choose based on a catchy advertisement or a friend’s recommendation. ELM suggests that motivation and ability determine which route is used.
