Heuristics & Biases

Question 1

What are the 3 models of social cognition, according to Lecture 3?

Answer 1

Naive psychologist, cognitive miser & motivated tactician

Question 2

Heuristics are:

Answer 2

Cognitive shortcuts

Question 3

What are 4 types of heuristics?

Answer 3

Representativeness, availability, anchoring & adjustment

Question 4

One issue with the availability heuristic is that someone may over-attribute behaviour to internal factors (Jones & Harris, 1967). This is known as:

Answer 4

The fundamental attribution error

Question 5

Biases such as the fundamental attribution error and actor-observer effect are always irrational. True or false?

Answer 5

False

Question 6

With which cognitive model might the cognitive load interfere with taking situational informational into account?

Answer 6

Motivated tactician model

Question 7

If I heard the word “lion” and visualised a tiger, I am using which heuristic and why?

Answer 7

Representativeness - lions and tigers are both big cats, therefore are categorically similar

Question 8

Which psychological phenomenon refers to the human tendency to make the fundamental attribution error more with others than ourselves?

Answer 8

The actor-observer effect

Question 9

Causal schemas are based on:

Answer 9

Similarity

Question 10

The anchoring and adjustment heuristic allows us to make judgments based on _____, because these are usually a good approximation for how to behave in the future.

Answer 10

Previous knowledge & standards

Question 11

Gilbert, Pelham & Krull (1988) demonstrated which psychological theory?

Answer 11

The Two-Stage Model of Attribution

Question 12

The Two-Stage Model of Attribution suggest that a person’s _____ factors are generally considered (anchoring) before their _____ factors when making judgments (adjustment):

Answer 12

Internal/personal; external/situational

Question 13

______ are information-processing rules of thumb:

Answer 13

Heuristics

Question 14

Heuristics allow us to make quick decisions, but can also often lead to errors. True or false?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

_____ and _____ are energy savers, but both have the ability to affect our social judgments:

Answer 15

Schemas & heuristics

Question 16

It is believed that being in a happy mood can make people more likely to rely on heuristics, but being in an angry mood can cause people to make more stereotypical judgments. True or false?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Heuristics are equally as useful under time pressure as they are without it. True or false?

Answer 17

False - their use increases under time pressure

Question 18

According to Kahneman (2003), every ____ evokes a(n) _____ ________ that is not always conscious:

Answer 18

Stimulus; affective evaluation