HESI BIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
What is the order of organization?
A
kingdom phylum class order family genus species
2
Q
what was charles darwin’s theory?
A
evolution
3
Q
what was Charles Darwin’s book?
A
On the origin of species
4
Q
What is the process of experiments?
A
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
5
Q
What is a hypothesis?
A
statement or explanation of certain events or happenings
6
Q
What is water molecule
A
2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom
7
Q
The polar nature of water allows for what?
A
hydrogen bonding between molecules.
8
Q
Water has a high ______.
A
Specific heat
9
Q
What is a specific heat
A
amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of that molecule by 1 degree Celsius.
10
Q
Oceans or large bodies of water:
A
stabilize climates
11
Q
Hydrogen bonding results in
A
strong cohesive and adhesive properties
12
Q
What is cohesion?
A
ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attached to another molecule of the same substance.
13
Q
What is adhesion?
A
Ability of water to bond or attract other molecules or substances?
14
Q
What is an example of cohesion
A
when water runs together on a newly waxed car
15
Q
what is an example of adhesion?
A
when water is sprayed on a wall and sticks to the wall.
16
Q
What allows water to be such a good solvent?
A
the polarity of water
17
Q
What are the most important molecules in biology?
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
18
Q
What is the structure of carbohydrates?
A
long chains or polymers of sugars
19
Q
What are the most important functions of carbohydrates?
A
energy, storage and structure
20
Q
Lipids are better known as
A
fats
21
Q
What are the three types of lipids?
A
fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids
22
Q
What are the two groups of fatty acids?
A
saturated and unsaturated
23
Q
Saturated fats contain
A
no double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail
24
Q
Unsaturated fats contain
A
one or more double bonds
25
What form are saturated fats?
solid
26
What form are unsaturated fats?
liquid
27
What type of fat is associated with cardiac issues?
saturated fats
28
Phospholipids consist of
two fatty acids of varying length bonded to a phosphate group
29
The phosphate group is
charged and polar
30
The hydrocarbon tail is
nonpolar
31
Phospholipids are important in
function of cell membranes
32
A cell membrane
protects the cell
33
What are steroids?
precursor to significant hormones
34
What is the most significant contributor to cellular function
proteins
35
What are proteins?
polymers of 20 molecules called amino acids
36
What are the largest of biological molecules?
proteins
37
What are enzymes?
Particular types of proteins that act to catalyze different reactions or processes
38
Nearly all cellular function is catalyzed by
some type of enzyme
39
What are nucleic acids?
components of the molecules of inheritence. DNA and RNA
40
What is DNA?
unique molecule specific to a particular organism and contains the code for replication
41
What is RNA?
used in tranfer and as a messenger in most species of the genetic code
42
What is metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
43
What is a metabolic pathway?
the set of steps where chemical reactions take place.
44
A metabolic pathway starts from
high energy to low energy
45
What is the fundamental unit of biology?
the cell
46
what are the two types of cells?
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
47
What are organelles?
components of the cell
48
Describe prokaryotic cells
lack a defined nucleus and do not contain membrane-bound organelles.
49
Describe eukaryotic cells
have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and a series of membrane bound organelles that carry out the function of the cell.
50
What is the more complex of the two types of cells?
eukaryotic
51
What is the nucleus?
contains the DNA of the cell in organized masses called chromosomes
52
What are chromosomes
contain all of the genetic material for the regeneration of the cell as well as all instructions for the function of the cell.
53
Every organism has
a specific number of chromosomes particular in one species
54
what are ribosomes?
organelles that read the RNA produced int he nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins.
55
Cells with a high rate of protein synthesis generally have a
large number of ribosomes
56
What are the two types of ribosomes?
bound and free
57
what are bound ribosomes
those attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
58
what are free ribosomes
those found in the cytoplasm
59
where is the endoplasmic reticulum
attached to the nuclear membrane
60
what does the endoplasmic reticulum consist of?
rough ER
| smooth ER
61
what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
the part of the ER covered in ribosomes
62
what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
part of the ER that lacks ribosomes
63
what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum
detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules
64
what is the golgi apparatus?
packaging, processing and shipping organelle
65
what is the function of the golgi apparatus
transports materials from the ER throughout the cell
66
what occurs in a lysosome
intracellular digestion
67
what does a lysosome consist of?
hydrolytic enzymes
68
what is the function of a lysosome
hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids
69
what are vacuoles
membrane-enclosed structures that have various structures
70
what is phagocytosis
where food is uptaken by a cell through the membrane creating a vacuole
71
What is the function of a plant's central vacuole
storage, waste disposal, protection and hydrolysis
72
what are the two organelles that produce cell energy
mitochondrion and chloroplast
73
what are mitochondria
site of cellular respiration
74
where are mitochondria found?
in most eukaryotic cells
75
what are chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis
76
where are chloroplasts found
plant cells
77
what is the funciton of the cell membrane?
protection, communication, and the passage of substances into and out of the cell
78
what does the cell membrane consist of?
phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins peppered throughout
79
what is the function of the phospholipid bilayer
creates a hydrophobic region between the two layers of lipids making it selectively permeable
80
what are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production
cellular respiration and fermentation
81
What produces more energy
respiration
82
what are the three steps to respiration
glycolysis, krebs and etc
83
how many ATP does glycolisis produce
2
84
how many ATP does Krebs produce?
2
85
how many atp does etc produce?
28-32
86
what is photosynthesis
the reverse of cellular respiration
87
what are the two stages of photosynthesis?
light reactions and Calvin cycle
88
what are light reactions
those that convert solar energy into chemical energy
89
what do light reactions create
NADPH
90
what does Calvin cycle create
sugar from NADPH
91
What are the two types of asexual reproduction
binary fission and mitosis
92
what is binary fission
chromosome binds to te plasma membrane and replicates. As the cell grows, it pinches in two producing 2 identical cells
93
what is mitosis
occurs in 5 stages before cytokinesis
94
what is cytokinesis
pinching into two cells
95
what are the five stages of mitosis
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
96
what happens in prophase
chromosomes are visible seperate and each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids
97
what happens in prometaphase
nuclear envelope dissapears and chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is forming along the axis of the cell
98
what happens during metaphase
all chromosomes align along the metaphase plate
99
what happens during anaphase
chromatids are considered seperate chromosomes
100
what is telophase?
chromosomes gather on either side of the now sepreating cell
101
what happens after telophase?
cytokinesis and cell pinches in half
102
in asexual reproduction, the offspring originates from a single cell yielding
all cells produced to be identical
103
in sexual reproduction, two cells contribute genetic material to the
daughter cells resulting in variation
104
what is meiosis
process that determines how reproductive cells divide in a sexually reproducing organism
105
what are the two stages of meiosis?
meiosis one and meiosis 2
106
what is the result of meiosis?
4 daughter cells
107
each daughter cell contains
half as many chromosomes as the parent
108
what is interphase
process where chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division
109
Who discovered the basic principle of genetics
Gregor Mendel by garden peas
110
what are alleles?
at least two alternative versions of a gene
111
what are the two types of alleles
dominant and recessive
112
if both the alleles are the same type they are called
homozygous
113
if the alleles are different they are called
heterozygous
114
what is punnet square
device used to predict genotype and phenotype of offspring
115
what is a genotype
combination of alleles
116
what is a phenotype?
what traits will be expressed
117
what is DNA
genetic material of a cell and the vehicle of inheritance
118
what is the structure of DNA
double helix
119
what does 4 nitrogenous bases does DNA contain
adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
120
Adenine bonds with
thymine
121
guanine bonds with
cytosine
122
During replication of DNA
the strands are seperated and enzymes replicate the complementary strands
123
what is transcription
a RNA strand complementary to the original DNA strand is produced
124
what is produced during transcription
messenger RNA
125
What is different on RNA versus DNA
uracil is in place of thymine
126
what is a codon
every group of three bases along the stretch of the RNA
127
where are anticodons found
transfer RNA tRNA
128
What does tRNA carry
a specific amino acid
129
What ends replication?
a stop codon
