Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HESI > HESI BIOLOGY > Flashcards

HESI BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of organization?

A 
kingdom
phylum
class
order 
family
genus
species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what was charles darwin’s theory?

A

evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what was Charles Darwin’s book?

A

On the origin of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the process of experiments?

A

Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

statement or explanation of certain events or happenings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is water molecule

A

2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The polar nature of water allows for what?

A

hydrogen bonding between molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Water has a high ______.

A

Specific heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a specific heat

A

amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of that molecule by 1 degree Celsius.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oceans or large bodies of water:

A

stabilize climates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydrogen bonding results in

A

strong cohesive and adhesive properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cohesion?

A

ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attached to another molecule of the same substance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Ability of water to bond or attract other molecules or substances?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of cohesion

A

when water runs together on a newly waxed car

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an example of adhesion?

A

when water is sprayed on a wall and sticks to the wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What allows water to be such a good solvent?

A

the polarity of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the most important molecules in biology?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the structure of carbohydrates?

A

long chains or polymers of sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the most important functions of carbohydrates?

A

energy, storage and structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lipids are better known as

A

fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three types of lipids?

A

fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two groups of fatty acids?

A

saturated and unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Saturated fats contain

A

no double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Unsaturated fats contain

A

one or more double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What form are saturated fats?

A

solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What form are unsaturated fats?

A

liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of fat is associated with cardiac issues?

A

saturated fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Phospholipids consist of

A

two fatty acids of varying length bonded to a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The phosphate group is

A

charged and polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The hydrocarbon tail is

A

nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Phospholipids are important in

A

function of cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A cell membrane

A

protects the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are steroids?

A

precursor to significant hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the most significant contributor to cellular function

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are proteins?

A

polymers of 20 molecules called amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the largest of biological molecules?

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Particular types of proteins that act to catalyze different reactions or processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Nearly all cellular function is catalyzed by

A

some type of enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

components of the molecules of inheritence. DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is DNA?

A

unique molecule specific to a particular organism and contains the code for replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is RNA?

A

used in tranfer and as a messenger in most species of the genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

the set of steps where chemical reactions take place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

A metabolic pathway starts from

A

high energy to low energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the fundamental unit of biology?

A

the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are the two types of cells?

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are organelles?

A

components of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

lack a defined nucleus and do not contain membrane-bound organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and a series of membrane bound organelles that carry out the function of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the more complex of the two types of cells?

A

eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

contains the DNA of the cell in organized masses called chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are chromosomes

A

contain all of the genetic material for the regeneration of the cell as well as all instructions for the function of the cell.

53
Q

Every organism has

A

a specific number of chromosomes particular in one species

54
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

organelles that read the RNA produced int he nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins.

55
Q

Cells with a high rate of protein synthesis generally have a

A

large number of ribosomes

56
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

bound and free

57
Q

what are bound ribosomes

A

those attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

what are free ribosomes

A

those found in the cytoplasm

59
Q

where is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

attached to the nuclear membrane

60
Q

what does the endoplasmic reticulum consist of?

A

rough ER

smooth ER

61
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

the part of the ER covered in ribosomes

62
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

part of the ER that lacks ribosomes

63
Q

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules

64
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

packaging, processing and shipping organelle

65
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

transports materials from the ER throughout the cell

66
Q

what occurs in a lysosome

A

intracellular digestion

67
Q

what does a lysosome consist of?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

68
Q

what is the function of a lysosome

A

hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids

69
Q

what are vacuoles

A

membrane-enclosed structures that have various structures

70
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

where food is uptaken by a cell through the membrane creating a vacuole

71
Q

What is the function of a plant’s central vacuole

A

storage, waste disposal, protection and hydrolysis

72
Q

what are the two organelles that produce cell energy

A

mitochondrion and chloroplast

73
Q

what are mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration

74
Q

where are mitochondria found?

A

in most eukaryotic cells

75
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

76
Q

where are chloroplasts found

A

plant cells

77
Q

what is the funciton of the cell membrane?

A

protection, communication, and the passage of substances into and out of the cell

78
Q

what does the cell membrane consist of?

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins peppered throughout

79
Q

what is the function of the phospholipid bilayer

A

creates a hydrophobic region between the two layers of lipids making it selectively permeable

80
Q

what are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production

A

cellular respiration and fermentation

81
Q

What produces more energy

A

respiration

82
Q

what are the three steps to respiration

A

glycolysis, krebs and etc

83
Q

how many ATP does glycolisis produce

A

2

84
Q

how many ATP does Krebs produce?

A

2

85
Q

how many atp does etc produce?

A

28-32

86
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the reverse of cellular respiration

87
Q

what are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

light reactions and Calvin cycle

88
Q

what are light reactions

A

those that convert solar energy into chemical energy

89
Q

what do light reactions create

A

NADPH

90
Q

what does Calvin cycle create

A

sugar from NADPH

91
Q

What are the two types of asexual reproduction

A

binary fission and mitosis

92
Q

what is binary fission

A

chromosome binds to te plasma membrane and replicates. As the cell grows, it pinches in two producing 2 identical cells

93
Q

what is mitosis

A

occurs in 5 stages before cytokinesis

94
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

pinching into two cells

95
Q

what are the five stages of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

96
Q

what happens in prophase

A

chromosomes are visible seperate and each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids

97
Q

what happens in prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope dissapears and chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is forming along the axis of the cell

98
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

all chromosomes align along the metaphase plate

99
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

chromatids are considered seperate chromosomes

100
Q

what is telophase?

A

chromosomes gather on either side of the now sepreating cell

101
Q

what happens after telophase?

A

cytokinesis and cell pinches in half

102
Q

in asexual reproduction, the offspring originates from a single cell yielding

A

all cells produced to be identical

103
Q

in sexual reproduction, two cells contribute genetic material to the

A

daughter cells resulting in variation

104
Q

what is meiosis

A

process that determines how reproductive cells divide in a sexually reproducing organism

105
Q

what are the two stages of meiosis?

A

meiosis one and meiosis 2

106
Q

what is the result of meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells

107
Q

each daughter cell contains

A

half as many chromosomes as the parent

108
Q

what is interphase

A

process where chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division

109
Q

Who discovered the basic principle of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel by garden peas

110
Q

what are alleles?

A

at least two alternative versions of a gene

111
Q

what are the two types of alleles

A

dominant and recessive

112
Q

if both the alleles are the same type they are called

A

homozygous

113
Q

if the alleles are different they are called

A

heterozygous

114
Q

what is punnet square

A

device used to predict genotype and phenotype of offspring

115
Q

what is a genotype

A

combination of alleles

116
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

what traits will be expressed

117
Q

what is DNA

A

genetic material of a cell and the vehicle of inheritance

118
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

double helix

119
Q

what does 4 nitrogenous bases does DNA contain

A

adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

120
Q

Adenine bonds with

A

thymine

121
Q

guanine bonds with

A

cytosine

122
Q

During replication of DNA

A

the strands are seperated and enzymes replicate the complementary strands

123
Q

what is transcription

A

a RNA strand complementary to the original DNA strand is produced

124
Q

what is produced during transcription

A

messenger RNA

125
Q

What is different on RNA versus DNA

A

uracil is in place of thymine

126
Q

what is a codon

A

every group of three bases along the stretch of the RNA

127
Q

where are anticodons found

A

transfer RNA tRNA

128
Q

What does tRNA carry

A

a specific amino acid

129
Q

What ends replication?

A

a stop codon

HESI (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions