HESI BIO Flashcards
Observation (scientific method)
What you see, something that inspires a question
Hypothesis
Making a predication
Experiment
Collecting evidence using variables to test a question
Conclusion
A final result from your expirement
Independent Variable
Has values that can be changed or manipulated in an expirement
Carbohydrates
Usually end in ose. Glucose Sucrose etc. Form of storage for energy
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA. A substance that aids in protein synthesis and transmission of genetic information
Proteins
Enzymes, A substance that provides the overall basic structure and function for a cell.
Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty Acids. Fats steriods hormones. A type of fat that provides a LONG-TERM storage for energy.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA, A unique molecule to a particular organism. Code for replication
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Transfers information form DNA to protein as a messanger
Nucleotides
Building blocks for DNA and RNA consists of Adenine (A), Thymine (T)/Uracil(U)[in RNA], Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)
In DNA Adenine (A) binds to…
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) binds to…
Guanine (G)
In RNA Adenine (A) binds to…
Uracil(U)
Guanine (G) binds to…
Cytosine (C)
Genotype
The Genetic make up of an organism (genes)
Phenotype
The physical characteristics that are observable. Height eye color etc.
Alleles
Punnet square stuff Aa
Dominate Alleles
Capitalized Letters, will suppress recessive alleles
Recessive Alleles
Lower case letters, will be supressed by dominate alleles
Heterozygous
Two different Alleles
Homozygous
Two of the same alleles
Nucleolus
Site of ribosome formation
Nucleus
Monitors activates in the cell. The site of DNA and RNA synthesis
Centrosomes
Involved in cell division, holds the sister chromatids togethere.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, energy generated here
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Site of protein synthesis, membrane production, contains ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Creation and storage of lipids and steroids. Detoxification. NO RIBSOMES
Lysosomes
“Cell Janitors” dispose of waste
Vacuoles
Storage warehouse for molecules
Golgi Apparatus
“Shipping Department” Packing, Processing and shipping occurs
Flagellum
Tail attached to a cell and aids in mobility
Cell Wall
Surrounds and protects the plant cell
Chloroplast
Filled with Chlorophyll. Natural compound found in plants that gives them green pigement and helps plants absorb energy from the sun
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants absorb energy from the sun and turn it into energy ATP
peroxisome
Responsible for oxidative reactions, Metabolism, digestive enzymes
Ventral vacuole
Storage warehouse for molecules
Eukaryote Cells
Larger than Prokaryote, much more complicated, contain a Nucleus, Membrane bound organelles, Reproduce by mitosis and miosis.
Prokaryote cells
Smaller than eukaryote cells, less complicated, simple design, unbound nucleoid, no organelles, reproduce by binary fission
Binary Fission
Cytokinesis, start of with one set of chromosomes and split them off into two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
Cyto - Cell Kinesis - Action
When the cytoplasm breaks off into two daughter cells
Mitosis Phases
Prophase, metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Meiosis Phase
Prophase I, metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Interphase
G1, S, G2
G1
Growth. The first gap phase in which the cell prepares to copy its DNA
S
DNA Replication. Replication occurs, doubles itself so there is extra genetic material for meiosis
Histone
What the DNA wrap themselves around in order to form a chromosome
Centromere
Chromosomes duplicate and form an X pattern bound in the middle by a centromere.
Sister chromatids
The original and duplicated chromosomes
G2
Second gap phase, where the cell prepares for division
M Phase
Include Prophase - Telophase
Prophase
Nuclear membrane disappears and organelles move.
Spindles made of microtubules begin to form.
CROSS OVER OCCURS.
Metaphase
Microtubules, spindle fibers, attach to the centromeres at the center of the chromosomes.
Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
Cytoplasm divides as the chromosomes gather at the poles of their cells.
End of Mitosis, but not Meiosis
Prophase II
Nuclear Membrane disappears and other organelles move out of the way
Spindle Fibers made of microtubules being to form
CROSS OVER DOES NOT OCCUR
Microtubules begin to attach to the centromeres at the center of the chromosomes
Metaphase II
Chromosomes are lined up by spindle fibers
Anaphase II
Centromeres are destroyed and CHROMATIDS (Not Xs) move to the opposite poles of the cell
Telophase II
Nuclear Membrane forms around each set of chromosomes.
Cytoplasm divides and chromosome unravels
Mitosis
Takes place during teh growth and reparing of tissues.
Starts with 1 cell with 2 sets of chromosomes.
Ends with 46 chromosomes daughter diploid cells
Asexual reproduction.
Produces somatic cells
Meiosis
Takes place in the testes/ovaries in the production of gametes
Creates four 23 chromosome daughter haploid cells
Goes through 2 stages of division
Sexual reproduction
Gametes
Sperm and egg
Diploid cells
Contain two sets of chromosomes. Xs
Haploid Cells
contain only one set of chromosomes. Result of Meoisis.
So that when sperm meats egg the lone chromosomes can form an X and become diploid cells in the child.
Taxonomy
Science of naming and classifying species.
Taxonomy Groups from biggest to smallest
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
King Philip came over from Germany Sunday
Anabolism
Set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules such as DNA or RNA from Smaller unit. Requires energy, ATP.
Uses protein and amino acids as building blocks.
Metabolic Pathway
A linked series of chemical reactions within a cell.
Catabolism
Part of the metabolism that breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones releasing energy, ATP generation.
Glycolosis, the citric acid cycle, oxidation.
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP, Energy. A nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells.
Pyruvate
A byproduct of Glycolysis. Used in other metabolic pathways to generate energy.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)
Carries electrons to other parts of the catabolic metabolism pathway.
Glycolysis
Catabolic metabolism pathway.
Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Breaks down glucose sugar into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Produces 2 ATP molecules, 2 pyruvate molecules, and 2 NADH molecules.
Citric Acid Cycle
Catabolic metabolism pathway.
Occurs in the mitochondria of a cell.
Pyruvate from Glycolysis is shipped into the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle uses it to make energy.
Produces 2 ATP molecules, Six Carbon Dioxide Molecules, and Six NADH Molecules.
Electron Transport Chain + Oxidative Phosphorylation
Catabolic Metabolism.
Takes place in the mitochondria.
Many electrons are transferred from one molecule to another along the chain.
At the end of the chain oxygen picks up the electrons and produces 34 ATP molecules.
Cellular Respiration
Consists of Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and the oxidative phosphorylation.
Catabolic Metabolism.
Coverts energy from nutrients into ATP.
Cell theory
Mid nineteenth century.
Living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from preexisting cells.
Chemiosmosis
Formation of ATP when Hydrogen ions move across a membrane in cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
The movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure down their electrochemical gradient.
Converts ADP into ATP.
Calvin Cycle
Dark reactions in plants, no sunlight. A series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.
Genes
Basic unit of hereditary information passed down from parents to offspring
Replication
The process of synthesizing a new strand of DNA.
DNA molecule separates into two strands, a complentary strand is built, and they twist together to form a double helix.
Transciption
Occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is stored and protected.
Segment of DNA, Gene, is copied and converted into messenger RNA (mRNA).
Translation
mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
Grabs onto a ribosome and together they make a protein.
RNA Polymerase
Transcription.
Unzips DNA and makes a copy of it, Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosome and Translation
mRNA flows through the ribosome and tells it which amino acids to make.
Every three letters in the mRNA codes for one amino acid.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome so they can be attached into a polypeptide chain which becomes a protein.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid or stop signal in protein synthesis
Stop codon/Terminal Codon
Is a codon, three nucleotides, that signlas the termination of the translation process of the current protein.
