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HESI BIO Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Observation (scientific method)

A

What you see, something that inspires a question

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Making a predication

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3
Q

Experiment

A

Collecting evidence using variables to test a question

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4
Q

Conclusion

A

A final result from your expirement

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5
Q

Independent Variable

A

Has values that can be changed or manipulated in an expirement

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Usually end in ose. Glucose Sucrose etc. Form of storage for energy

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7
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA. A substance that aids in protein synthesis and transmission of genetic information

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8
Q

Proteins

A

Enzymes, A substance that provides the overall basic structure and function for a cell.

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9
Q

Lipids

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids. Fats steriods hormones. A type of fat that provides a LONG-TERM storage for energy.

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10
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

DNA, A unique molecule to a particular organism. Code for replication

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11
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Transfers information form DNA to protein as a messanger

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12
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building blocks for DNA and RNA consists of Adenine (A), Thymine (T)/Uracil(U)[in RNA], Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)

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13
Q

In DNA Adenine (A) binds to…

A

Thymine (T)

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14
Q

Cytosine (C) binds to…

A

Guanine (G)

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15
Q

In RNA Adenine (A) binds to…

A

Uracil(U)

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16
Q

Guanine (G) binds to…

A

Cytosine (C)

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17
Q

Genotype

A

The Genetic make up of an organism (genes)

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical characteristics that are observable. Height eye color etc.

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19
Q

Alleles

A

Punnet square stuff Aa

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20
Q

Dominate Alleles

A

Capitalized Letters, will suppress recessive alleles

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21
Q

Recessive Alleles

A

Lower case letters, will be supressed by dominate alleles

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22
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different Alleles

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23
Q

Homozygous

A

Two of the same alleles

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24
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome formation

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25
Q

Nucleus

A

Monitors activates in the cell. The site of DNA and RNA synthesis

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26
Q

Centrosomes

A

Involved in cell division, holds the sister chromatids togethere.

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27
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, energy generated here

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28
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein Synthesis

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29
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Site of protein synthesis, membrane production, contains ribosomes.

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30
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Creation and storage of lipids and steroids. Detoxification. NO RIBSOMES

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31
Q

Lysosomes

A

“Cell Janitors” dispose of waste

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32
Q

Vacuoles

A

Storage warehouse for molecules

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33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

“Shipping Department” Packing, Processing and shipping occurs

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34
Q

Flagellum

A

Tail attached to a cell and aids in mobility

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35
Q

Cell Wall

A

Surrounds and protects the plant cell

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36
Q

Chloroplast

A

Filled with Chlorophyll. Natural compound found in plants that gives them green pigement and helps plants absorb energy from the sun

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37
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process by which plants absorb energy from the sun and turn it into energy ATP

38
Q

peroxisome

A

Responsible for oxidative reactions, Metabolism, digestive enzymes

39
Q

Ventral vacuole

A

Storage warehouse for molecules

40
Q

Eukaryote Cells

A

Larger than Prokaryote, much more complicated, contain a Nucleus, Membrane bound organelles, Reproduce by mitosis and miosis.

41
Q

Prokaryote cells

A

Smaller than eukaryote cells, less complicated, simple design, unbound nucleoid, no organelles, reproduce by binary fission

42
Q

Binary Fission

A

Cytokinesis, start of with one set of chromosomes and split them off into two daughter cells

43
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cyto - Cell Kinesis - Action

When the cytoplasm breaks off into two daughter cells

44
Q

Mitosis Phases

A

Prophase, metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

45
Q

Meiosis Phase

A

Prophase I, metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

46
Q

Interphase

A

G1, S, G2

47
Q

G1

A

Growth. The first gap phase in which the cell prepares to copy its DNA

48
Q

S

A

DNA Replication. Replication occurs, doubles itself so there is extra genetic material for meiosis

49
Q

Histone

A

What the DNA wrap themselves around in order to form a chromosome

50
Q

Centromere

A

Chromosomes duplicate and form an X pattern bound in the middle by a centromere.

51
Q

Sister chromatids

A

The original and duplicated chromosomes

52
Q

G2

A

Second gap phase, where the cell prepares for division

53
Q

M Phase

A

Include Prophase - Telophase

54
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear membrane disappears and organelles move.

Spindles made of microtubules begin to form.

CROSS OVER OCCURS.

55
Q

Metaphase

A

Microtubules, spindle fibers, attach to the centromeres at the center of the chromosomes.

Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell

56
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

57
Q

Telophase

A

Cytoplasm divides as the chromosomes gather at the poles of their cells.

End of Mitosis, but not Meiosis

58
Q

Prophase II

A

Nuclear Membrane disappears and other organelles move out of the way

Spindle Fibers made of microtubules being to form

CROSS OVER DOES NOT OCCUR

Microtubules begin to attach to the centromeres at the center of the chromosomes

59
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes are lined up by spindle fibers

60
Q

Anaphase II

A

Centromeres are destroyed and CHROMATIDS (Not Xs) move to the opposite poles of the cell

61
Q

Telophase II

A

Nuclear Membrane forms around each set of chromosomes.

Cytoplasm divides and chromosome unravels

62
Q

Mitosis

A

Takes place during teh growth and reparing of tissues.

Starts with 1 cell with 2 sets of chromosomes.

Ends with 46 chromosomes daughter diploid cells

Asexual reproduction.

Produces somatic cells

63
Q

Meiosis

A

Takes place in the testes/ovaries in the production of gametes

Creates four 23 chromosome daughter haploid cells

Goes through 2 stages of division

Sexual reproduction

64
Q

Gametes

A

Sperm and egg

65
Q

Diploid cells

A

Contain two sets of chromosomes. Xs

66
Q

Haploid Cells

A

contain only one set of chromosomes. Result of Meoisis.

So that when sperm meats egg the lone chromosomes can form an X and become diploid cells in the child.

67
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of naming and classifying species.

68
Q

Taxonomy Groups from biggest to smallest

A

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

King Philip came over from Germany Sunday

69
Q

Anabolism

A

Set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules such as DNA or RNA from Smaller unit. Requires energy, ATP.

Uses protein and amino acids as building blocks.

70
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

A linked series of chemical reactions within a cell.

71
Q

Catabolism

A

Part of the metabolism that breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones releasing energy, ATP generation.

Glycolosis, the citric acid cycle, oxidation.

72
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

ATP, Energy. A nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells.

73
Q

Pyruvate

A

A byproduct of Glycolysis. Used in other metabolic pathways to generate energy.

74
Q

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)

A

Carries electrons to other parts of the catabolic metabolism pathway.

75
Q

Glycolysis

A

Catabolic metabolism pathway.

Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Breaks down glucose sugar into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Produces 2 ATP molecules, 2 pyruvate molecules, and 2 NADH molecules.

76
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Catabolic metabolism pathway.

Occurs in the mitochondria of a cell.

Pyruvate from Glycolysis is shipped into the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle uses it to make energy.

Produces 2 ATP molecules, Six Carbon Dioxide Molecules, and Six NADH Molecules.

77
Q

Electron Transport Chain + Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Catabolic Metabolism.

Takes place in the mitochondria.

Many electrons are transferred from one molecule to another along the chain.

At the end of the chain oxygen picks up the electrons and produces 34 ATP molecules.

78
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Consists of Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and the oxidative phosphorylation.

Catabolic Metabolism.

Coverts energy from nutrients into ATP.

79
Q

Cell theory

A

Mid nineteenth century.

Living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from preexisting cells.

80
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Formation of ATP when Hydrogen ions move across a membrane in cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

The movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure down their electrochemical gradient.

Converts ADP into ATP.

81
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Dark reactions in plants, no sunlight. A series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.

82
Q

Genes

A

Basic unit of hereditary information passed down from parents to offspring

83
Q

Replication

A

The process of synthesizing a new strand of DNA.

DNA molecule separates into two strands, a complentary strand is built, and they twist together to form a double helix.

84
Q

Transciption

A

Occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is stored and protected.

Segment of DNA, Gene, is copied and converted into messenger RNA (mRNA).

85
Q

Translation

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.

Grabs onto a ribosome and together they make a protein.

86
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Transcription.

Unzips DNA and makes a copy of it, Messenger RNA (mRNA)

87
Q

Ribosome and Translation

A

mRNA flows through the ribosome and tells it which amino acids to make.

Every three letters in the mRNA codes for one amino acid.

88
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome so they can be attached into a polypeptide chain which becomes a protein.

89
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid or stop signal in protein synthesis

90
Q

Stop codon/Terminal Codon

A

Is a codon, three nucleotides, that signlas the termination of the translation process of the current protein.

HESI BIO (5 decks)

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