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VIROLOGY > Herpes virus and equine herpes virus -- L6 & L7 > Flashcards

Herpes virus and equine herpes virus -- L6 & L7 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Many infections with herpesvirus occur asymptomatically

A

True

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2
Q

List some features of herpesvirus

A
  • many infections with herpesvirus occur asymptomatically or are accompanied by a respiratory disease of varying serverity
  • fragile in the environment
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3
Q

Describe the range of clinical presentations that herpes virus can cause:

A
  • respiratory disease
  • fetal death/abortion
  • ulcerative skin lesions
  • nervous system diseases
  • lymphoproliferative diseases
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4
Q

How long does EHV-1 survive outside the host?

A

no longer than 1-2 weeks

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Is herpesvirus easily killed by disinfectants?

A

True

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6
Q

How is herpesvirus spread?

A

spread via mucosal contact or droplet

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7
Q

How does herpesvirus replicate?

A

replicates in the cell nucleus by inclusion bodies

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8
Q

Herpes virus _____ are easily _____?

A

virions are easily inactivated

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9
Q

Do herpes virus virions survive well outside the body?

A

No they do not and they are considered enveloped and fragile outside the body

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Herpesvirus is found in all mammals and bird species plus reptiles, amphibians, and oysters

A

TRUE

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11
Q

At least one major disease of each domestic animal species is recognised to be caused by a herpesvirus except for?

A

sheep

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12
Q

True or false: Many animal species are hosts to more than one herpesvirus

A

TRUE

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13
Q

A large and diverse family of dsDNA viruses

A

Herpes virus

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14
Q

List some herpesviral diseases of veterinary importance

A
  • Equine upper respiratory disease / abortion /neurologic disease/veneral disease (equine herpesviruses)
  • Cat‘flu’(feline herpes virus)
  • Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
  • Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s)
  • Malignant catarrhal fever
  • Bovine mammilitis virus (BoHV-2)
  • Marek’s disease (chickens)
  • Infectious laryngotracheitis (chicken)
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15
Q

Viral genome is present, but only few (if any) genes are transcribed and there is NO production of infectious virus

A

Viral latency

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16
Q

Herpesviruses characteristically establish latency _____ primary infection.

A

AFTER

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17
Q

Where are the sites of latency?

A

typically lymphoid or neural tissues

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18
Q

What is it called when a virus is periodically reactivated and shed from latently-infected animals.

A

recrudescence

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19
Q

occurs even in the presence of circulating antiviral antibodies

A

recrudescence

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20
Q

recrudescence is generally associated with?

A

stressors such as crowding, other diseases, exhaustion, transportation, exposure to excessive UV light, exposure to extreme heat or cold

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21
Q

When herpesvirus is reactivated what happens?

A

Cell lysis with release of millions of progeny viruses

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22
Q

True or false: Viruses “invisible” to the immune system or No production of infectious virus happens when the virus is latent

A

TRUE

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23
Q

An immune response has ____ effect on latent virus i.e., it does not prevent _____ nor clears the virus from latently infected animals

A

little effect; recrudescence

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24
Q

5 limitations of the herpesvirus vaccine:

A

• Doesn’t prevent infection
• Doesn’t prevent establishment of latency
(or prevent recrudescence)
• Doesn’t completely stop shedding of virus
• Doesn’t induce long-lasting immunity
•no claim on prevention of EHM

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Herpesvirus vaccine isn’t useful to increase overall herd immunity

A

FALSE! It may be useful to increase overall herd immunity

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26
Q

Clinical signs of bovine herpesvirus 1?

A
  • Fever, depression, inappetence
  • Profuse nasal discharge (serous to mucopurulent)
  • Hyperaemia and ulcers on nasal mucosa
  • Early marked rhinitis and conjunctivitis
  • Gastroenteritis (particularly in calves – often fatal)
  • Occasional abortion
  • Occasional mastitis
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27
Q

▪ Respiratory disease - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
▪ Genital disease – Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
▪ Keratoconjunctivitis
▪ Abortion
▪ Gastrointestinal disease in calves

These are all apart of?

A

Bovine herpesvirus 1

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28
Q

Who is affected by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

A

young cattle and deer

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29
Q

How is Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) transmitted?

A

droplet transmission (+/- airborne)

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30
Q

How does Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) replicate?

A

In nasal epithelium then lymph nodes and bronchial tree

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31
Q

What does Felid herpesvirus 1 cause?

A

Feline rhinotracheitis

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32
Q

What does Canid herpesvirus 1 cause?

A

canine neonatal death

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33
Q

what are the 2 forms of bovine mammillitis: BoHV-2

A

1) teats and udder only (seen in NZ)

2) generalized skin disease called pseudolumpyskin disease seen in Africa

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34
Q

Primarily a disease of pigs characterised by reproductive, respiratory and CNS signs

A

Suid herpesvirus 1: Aujeszky’s disease

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35
Q

True or false: Most other mammalian spp. (excluding primates) can become infected by direct or indirect contact with Suid-herpesvirus 1 shedding pigs

A

TRUE

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36
Q

___ is a dominant feature in secondary hosts (Suid herpesvirus 1)

A

pruritus

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37
Q

Mad itch and pseudorabies are caused by which herpesvirus

A

Suid herpesvirus 1

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38
Q

In adult pigs herpesvirus is usually ______ (but they may still shed the virus)

A

subclinical

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39
Q

T/F Suid herpesvirus 1 is usually fatal in secondary hosts?

A

True

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40
Q

Secondary hosts in suid herpes virus 1 are usually considered ____ hosts which means what?

A

Usually dead-end hosts – no further transmission

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41
Q

Infected piglets (< 3 weeks old) born to non-immune dams show ________ signs followed by incoordination, recumbency, convulsions and death (~100%) in suid herpesvirus 1

A

respiratory

42
Q

Infection of non-immune pregnant sows can cause what to happen if they are infected by suid herpes virus?

A

foetal resorption
abortion (50% of sows)
stillbirths
birth of weak piglets

43
Q

Incubation time of Gallid herpesvirus 1?

A

2-8 days

44
Q

Clinical signs of Gallid herpesvirus 1?

A

Coughing, sneezing, ocular discharge, dyspnea, gasping, +/- bloody mucous, coughing blood

45
Q

In what herpes virus do you see severe rhinotracheatis with formation of diphtheric membranes at post mortem?

A

Gallid herpesvirus 1: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)

46
Q

How is Gallid herpesvirus 1 transmitted?

A

Transmission via droplets inhalation or ingestion (less common)

47
Q

Clinical signs of Gallid herpesvirus 2: Marek’s disease

A 
• Enlargement of peripheral nerves 
• Sciatic:leg paralysis
• Brachial:wing paralysis
• Vagus: crop dialation and gasping
• Enlargement of feather follicles with reddening of skin
• Discoloration of the iris and blindness
• Visceral tumors (liver, heart, spleen,
gonads, kidney, proventriculus...)
48
Q

How to control Gallid herpesvirus 2: Marek’s disease

A

Vaccination (1-day old birds) and Breeding resistant birds

49
Q

Is subclinical infection common in Gallid herpesvirus 2: Marek’s disease

A

Yes spread by virus shedding

50
Q

How do birds spread and transmit Gallid herpesvirus 2?

A

the virus is spread in dander from feather follicles and transmitted by inhalation

51
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCF) clinical signs:

A 
high fever
enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes 
mucopurulent nasal discharge 
photophobia
ulcerated gums
inflammation congestion 
erosion of mucosal surfaces 
dermatitis 
corneal opacity
52
Q

How is Wildebeest-associated MCF (African form) caused?

A

Caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 (AHV-1)

53
Q

Virtually all wildebeest calves are infected with Wildebeest-associated MCF by what age?

A

by 6 months of age

54
Q

Sporadic disease of cattle, farmed deer (NZ), and bison

A

Sheep-associated MCF

55
Q

are there clinical signs in Ovine herpes virus type 2 (OHV-2)?

A

not for sheep

Cows- lymphoproliferation of mucosal surfaces. Death in almost 100% of cases

56
Q

How is MCF infection spread?

A

infection via oculonasal route

57
Q

Incubation period of MCF?

A

variable

58
Q

MCF death in almost ____% of cases

A

100%

59
Q

MCF disease is associated with ______ infection of lymphocytes

A

LATENT

60
Q

Two distinguishing characteristics of MCF?

A

lymphoproliferation and erosions of mucosal surfaces

61
Q

Is there a vaccine available for MCF?

A

NO

62
Q

How to control/prevent MCF?

A

good infection control practices, minimize contact with carrier animals (wildebeests in Africa, sheep in other parts of the world)

63
Q

Does Suid herpesvirus 1: Aujeszky’s disease still exist in NZ?

A

NO eradicated in 1997

64
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: MCF is present in sheep, cattle, deer

A

true

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) exists in NZ?

A

True but subset found here is the less virulent end of the scale

66
Q

what belongs to family Alphaherpesviridae and order Herpesvirales

A

EHV-1 and EHV-4

67
Q

The level of sequence identity at the amino acid level between EHV-1 and EHV-4 ranges from __% to __%.

A

55-96% so the two viruses cannot be distinguished antigenically by most of the routine serological tests.

68
Q

How long is the respiratory incubation period for equine herpesvirus?

A

1-3 days so very short amount of time

69
Q

What are the clinical signs of the EHV?

A

Upper respiratory disease: biphasic fever, depression, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, ocular and nasal discharges

70
Q

can EHV affect athletic performance in horses?

A

YES

71
Q

When do herpesviral abortions usually occur?

A

last trimester of pregnancy

72
Q

What are abortion storms?

A

sporadic abortions

73
Q

True or false: if the mare is affected by the equine herpesvirus and she aborts there are usually no clinical signs

A

TRUE

74
Q

What is EHM?

A

equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy

75
Q

True or false: EHM can be brought on suddenly or have a rapid progression

A

TRUE

76
Q

Clinical signs of EHM:

A

Ataxia, paresis, urinary incontinence, cystitis, Vasculitis, thrombosis, haemorrhages in CNS

77
Q

How to detect actively infected EHV-1 horses:

A

1) detection of virus in nasal secretions
2) detection of rising EHV-1 antibody titres

**if its latent there won’t be any nasal secretions!!!

78
Q

How to detect latently infected horses:

A

1) Detection of viral DNA in latently infected cells

2) Detection of EHV-1 antibody in unvaccinated horse

79
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: EHV-1 is a common infection that only sometimes results in overt clinical disease

A

TRUE

80
Q

Foals are likely to acquire EHV-1 infection early in life from their dams, often in the presence of what?

A

of maternally derived antibody

81
Q

EHV-1 infections may result in respiratory disease of various severity, but most are _____?

A

subclinical

82
Q

Following primary EHV-1 infection, foals and horses become latently infected _____

A

for life

83
Q

Latently infected horses can ______ the virus in the respiratory epithelium providing a source of infectious virus to others.

A

recrudesce

84
Q

True or false: It’s easy to detect latently infected horses.

A

FALSE it’s very challenging

85
Q

Dimorphism in the sequence of DNA polymerase, encoded by ORF30 is associated with increased _______, but other factors also play a role.

A

neurovirulence

86
Q

How do you diagnose EHV-1 infection in respiratory diseases?

A

– Detection of EHV-1 in nasal swabs

– +/- rising antibody titres

87
Q

How do you diagnose EHV-1 infection in Abortion/neonatal disease?

A

Detection of EHV-1 in fetal/neonatal tissues and/or placenta

88
Q

How do you diagnose EHV-1 infection in EHM?

A

Difficult ante mortem

89
Q

True or false: A single test can rule EHM in or out.

A

FALSE – No single test that could rule EHM in or out

90
Q

is supportive and includes reduction of inflammation and prevention of secondary bacterial infections.

A

Treatment of EHM

91
Q

Prognosis for non-recumbent EHM affected horses is?

A

good with appropriate supportive treatment.

92
Q

Prognosis for recumbent EHM affected horses is?

A

poor

93
Q

EHV-1 can circulate _____ among horses

A

sub-clinically

94
Q

What are some positives to the EHV-1 vaccine?

A 
• Reduce shedding of the virus
• Reduce duration and severity of
respiratory disease
• Some help to prevent EHV-1
abortions
95
Q

When should young horses be vaccinated fro EHV-1/4?

A

Young horses can be vaccinated following maternal antibody decline (6-9 months of age).

The initial dosing involves 2 doses given 2-4 weeks apart, followed by 6-12 monthly boosters as needed.

96
Q

When should mares be vaccinated fro EHV-1/4?

A

typically three doses recommended

  • either two 2-4 weeks apart before service followed by a booster in the 4-5th month
  • or three doses during pregnancy (e.g. at 5th, 7th, and 9th months of gestation)
97
Q

How to control EHV-1?

A
  • EHV-1 vaccine
  • good management
  • sound infection control practices
98
Q

What are some sources of the infectious virus in EHV-1?

A

– Aborted foetuses
– Close contact with horses shedding EHV-1 in nasal secretions
– Fomites

99
Q

EHV-1 shedding in the nasal secretions can be up to ____ weeks and can be _______.

A

– Up to 3 weeks

– Can be intermittent

100
Q

Venereal skin disease that affects the penis, prepuce, vulva or vagina

A

Equid Herpesvirus 3: equine coital exanthema

101
Q

Is Equid Herpesvirus 3 uncommon in NZ?

A

YES!

102
Q

What are the two equine gammaherpesviruses?

A

EHV-2 AND EHV-5

VIROLOGY (5 decks)

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