Heroin Manufacture

Question 1

Impurities resulting from manufacture

Answer 1

Acetyl codeine
-	Source= codeine acetylation
3-MAM
-	Source= incomplete acetylation of morphine
6- MAM
-	Source= heroin hydrolysis/ incomplete acetylation
Codeine
-	Source= opium source
Morphine
-	Source= incomplete acetylation
Noscapine
-	Source= opium source
Papaverine
-	Source= opium source

Question 2

impurities adulterants/diluents- added deliberately

Answer 2

Phenobarbitone 
-	Diluent= calcium carbonate
Diazepam 
-	Diluent= calcium chloride
Benzocaine
-	Diluent = glucose/lactose/mannitol
Caffeine 
-	Diluent= sucrose
Aspirin
-	Diluent= starch
Paracetamol
-	Diluent= various nasties
Lidocaine etc.

Question 3

adulterants

Answer 3

materials added to hide the lack of the desired drug or add another type of effect to the drug mixture, such as caffeine, lidocaine

Question 4

diluents

Answer 4

are bulking agents such as starch, talc

Question 5

impurities

Answer 5

by-products from the synthesis or extraction process. MDA, MDEA, amphetamine are the common impurities in MDMA. Sometimes calling anything other than the desired product impurity.

Question 6

methadones

Answer 6

• Synthetic opioid
• A narcotic and an addicting drug
• Used to treat heroin addiction
  Cheap, quality control and can be monitored by doctor

Question 7

difference between opioids and opiates

Answer 7

Opiates come from nature, such as morphine. Opioids substances bind to opioid receptors.

Question 8

diamorphine and diamorphine salt

Answer 8

• Organic compounds: compounds contain C,H,O,N.. they are water insoluble
• Inorganic compounds mainly referring to sales, inorganic salts, NaCl or organic salts such as the following one they are water soluble.

Question 9

extraction of morphine

Answer 9

• Dissolve the dried black tar like material in dilute sulphuric acid solution, filter off any insoluble material
  (purpose of this is to make morphine form a salt and become water soluble)
• To the solution add ammonium hydroxide, when pH reaches 8-9 precipitated out- morphine
  (change the morphine salt back to morphine, become water insoluble)
• Collect the crude morphine by filtration.

Question 10

morphine is extracted using two principles

Answer 10

• Morphine is basic can form salt with strong acids

- This salt can react with strong bases to give back morphine as a water insoluble compound

Question 11

codeine extraction

Answer 11

Drug Solubility (21ºC water)
Aspirin 1g / 300ml
Codeine Phosphate1g / 0.7 ml

• Obtain a quantity of tablets containing codeine and grand them to fine power
• Suspend the codeine power to some hot water, approx. 40ml / 20 tablets
• Cool the suspension in a cold bath until inside temperature of the solution is about 15 ºC.
• Filter the solution
• The filtrate contains codeine phosphate

Codeine phosphate is a phosphoric acid salt on codeine