Heroes

Question 1

altruism

Answer 1

actions that benefit another at a cost to oneself

Question 2

kin selection theory

Answer 2

helping family or others that you share genes with because evolution is about preserving your DNA

Question 3

reciprocal altruism and helping

Answer 3

help a stranger and maybe they will help you back

Question 4

personality

Answer 4

a tendency (both biological and learned) to behave a certain way across time and space (interacts with social situation)

Question 5

personality trait

Answer 5

an enduring aspect of a person’s character that manifests itself in behaviors, thoughts, and feelings (example - shyness is a behavioral tendency, not inside the person)

Question 6

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 6

we overemphasize personality when explaining helping behavior; no personality trait for helping behavior; anyone has the potential to be a hero

Question 7

interactionism

Answer 7

a person’s behavior depends on interactions between the person and the situation

Question 8

strong social situation

Answer 8

(formal setting with expected behaviors) personality plays less of a role in behavior (interview, date)

Question 9

weak social situation

Answer 9

(informal setting) personality plays more of a role

Question 10

Hero (operational definition)

Answer 10

1. a little deviant; 2. must overcome psychological and situational barriers; 3. know that helping involves risk to oneself (Darwin - altruists should die out); 4. need knowledge and training for the situation

Question 11

Samuel Pearl Oliner study: Holocaust Rescuers; rescuers vs non-rescuers; found personality/situational differences

Answer 11

more likely to help IF: perceived similarity to victim (in-group helping) or received a direct request (often helped neighbors

Question 12

common techniques to get compliance

Answer 12

public execution, execution of innocent family members or neighbors, torture and execution

Question 13

you are also more likely to help if

Answer 13

your parents avoided physical punishment or explained punishment, emphasized moral responsibility, were good role models themselves, or if you have a higher level of dispositional empathy and willingness to accept responsibility for wellbeing of others

Question 14

rescuers showed higher levels of extensivity, meaning

Answer 14

empathy and a sense of responsibility for all people; feeling of concern, attachment, connectedness, to other people; a sense of we-ness

Question 15

non-rescuers (not bad people) are often biased in favor of ________ members

Answer 15

in-group

Question 16

self-efficacy

Answer 16

sense of personal control; I can and must do this; deviance from group norms (sense of individuality - I’ll go my own way)

Question 17

problems with Oliner’s Holocaust research

Answer 17

post-hoc analysis; rescuers were identified as altruistic heroes and then studied

Question 18

Three reasons we don’t ask for help

Answer 18

1. psychological reactance (loss of freedom or control); 2. violation of norm reciprocity (favors); 3. negative attributions (inferior, blow to self-esteem and status)

Question 19

High self-esteem people are _____ willing to seek help than low self-esteem people. Introverted are _____ likely to seek help than extroverted people.

Answer 19

less

Question 20

learned helplessness; research - students believing that intelligence is a skill that can be improved recover from failure better

Answer 20

giving up when we believe a problem is out of our control, or can’t receive reinforcement (if you try and fail, you might think it’s out of your hands)

Question 21

college student preferences for seeking help

Answer 21

similar peer tutors (reasoning - I can get tips about exam questions and for self-improvement)

Question 22

diffusion of responsibility; Darley and Latane cubicle study (confederate in other cubicle has seizure)

Answer 22

the more people are present in a situation, the less likely each of them is to help; 100% helped if they were alone, 81% if they were with 2 others, 62% if 6 others in a cubicle; personal responsibility decreases as number of people increase

Question 23

When are people less likely to help?

Answer 23

diffusion of responsibility, ambiguous situations (social reality is unclear)

Question 24

please watch my stuff beach study

Answer 24

94% of ss intervened if they were asked to watch the stuff, 20% if not asked

Question 25

If authority is present, then people __________ to help

Answer 25

hesitate; trained 1st responders will help sooner because they’re more familiar with injuries and they give more effective types of help

Question 26

Why is there less helping in big cities?

Answer 26

population density and stimulus overload; restrict attention to personally important environmental stimuli

Question 27

Arousal/Cost-Reward Model of Helping (best empirical support)

Answer 27

1. notice a need for help, 2. you get negative emotional arousal, 3. you weigh costs and benefits for helping (want to reduce negative emotions), 4. (if cost is low, then there is an increased chance that help will be offered) (the motivation for helping is to reduce negative arousal)

Question 28

effects of mood on helping

Answer 28

good moods help us feel sympathy for others, helping is a way to prolong a good mood, good moods make us focus on our values and beliefs (help your neighbor); a sad mood might make you help to improve your mood

Question 29

Batson’s Empathy Altruism Model

Answer 29

empathic concern can lead to true altruistic motivation to benefit other person; under difficult escape conditions, everyone helps; under “easy escape” conditions, only empathic concern subjects stay and help (costly to themselves)

Question 30

Sibicky, Schroeder, Dovidio research on empathy and helping: considering the consequences of intervention

Answer 30

tested the assumption that empathy would lead people to consider the long-term consequences of their helping for the person in need; findings: empathy enhances sensitivity to the long-term needs of others, sometimes less help is more helpful

Question 31

B.F. Skinner said,

Answer 31

“When you help a child by tying their shoe laces for them you deny them the opportunity to learn.”

Question 32

gender differences (in types of helping, not in amount of helping)

Answer 32

men - more likely to help in heroic, chivalrous, grand, action-oriented ways; women - more likely to help in nurturing ways that involve talking, relationship intervention, or long-term commitment