Chapter 7 - Prejudice Flashcards
Authoritarian people
see the world as stratified, lion deserves to eat the lamb; often racist or sexist
jigsaw classroom
superordinate goals make people work together and reduces prejudice
if an enemy becomes a friend
you like them even more
What is Prejudice?
a hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group based on generalizations about the group derived from faulty or incomplete information
Prejudice leads us to ________ from individuals to a group.
generalize
discrimination
a negative or biased BEHAVIOR against an individual based on faulty generalization about their group membership
Are we born prejudiced?
no, but the Human Perceptional System is designed to look for similarities and differences
We often pay attention to ______, but favor _______.
contrast, similarity
Our psychological immune system is trying to
maintain a just, rational, and correct view of our world, even when it’s wrong (minority group members are often seen as deviant)
As social animals, we need out groups to survive
they provide economic resources for trade, skills, learning, and biological diversity
Learning and socialization can help override the “us v. them” mentality that makes us notice differences between people.
our emotional reaction to differences in out group members can change to be positive (the AFFECT in attitudes can change to positive and THEM can become US
old fashioned prejudice
clear, unhidden racism or prejudice; this has decreased overall, but increased during the Trump presidency
modern/aversive prejudice
more subtle expressions of prejudice
College students are more ____ in attitudes toward race and inter-racial pairings, yet don’t always call themselves “liberal”
progressive; among younger people, it’s not acceptable to be prejudiced
U.S. sentencing commission says there is a racial imbalance, meaning
more severe sentences for low-level crack dealers than for wholesale suppliers of powdered cocaine, and one is a bigger problem for blacks, so they get longer sentences; subtle differences - same drug, different sentences
Modern/Symbolic racism is the expression of four beliefs:
- Black Americans no longer face prejudice or discrimination; 2. Black people can’t make progress because they won’t work hard enough; 3. They demand too much too fast; 4. “Anti-white” bias where blacks are given more than the deserve
Symbolic racism develops through ______ and it may occur without awareness.
socialization; it’s more subtle than overt racism
Most people struggle with a conflict between an urge to express ______ and their need to maintain a positive self-concept.
prejudice
Once we find a justification for disliking a group, we can express prejudice and avoid __________ __________.
cognitive dissonance
Stereotypes can lead to prejudice as a form of
making a complex world simpler (we are fish swimming in an ocean of culture)
confirmation bias
people pay attention to information that confirms their views and ignore disconfirming information
Modern prejudice still exists as
more subtle negative actions, thoughts, and attributions (ex. whites can negotiate lower prices than blacks)
Most Americans believe that discrimination
is no longer a barrier to success for colored people (white/black man try to fit in for 3 weeks study - black male consistently rejected)
When whites trained to conduct interviews, they were more awkward around out-group members of color because
duplex mind - conscious mind trying to be unbiased, automatic mind knowing she’s an out-group member, which creates arousal/nervousness
Research at Yale revealed that
black Americans have problems with White medical physicians (and vice versa)
When our cognitive resources are depleted (when we’re tired, distracted, stressed, anxious, etc.),
we are more likely to show bias and prejudice
hostile sexism
reflects an active dislike of women (women are weak, stupid, manipulative, sexually objectified)
benevolent sexism
appears to be favorable to women, but is patronizing (women are dependent, weak, pure, and fragile)
When a fat person shops with a diet soda versus a milkshake, _________.
milkshake - sales person shows subtle prejudice; shorter interactions, less eye contact, smiles, gestures
Ultimate attribution error
in unsure situations, people attribute according to their prejudices
When two white guys are arguing and one shoves another, people see it as _____, but if a black man shoves a white man, _______
horseplay; aggression
As a consequence of stereotyping and prejudice, if a prisoner is well behaved,
if the crime fits the stereotype, then the good behavior doesn’t matter, but if it doesn’t then they’re voted for early release
black, male patients are more likely to be _______ than white
put in restraints
The public still views leaders as
masculine, powerful, dominant, authority figures
If a man is successful on a given task, observers attribute his success to ________ _________; a woman _______ ______.
innate ability; hard work
If a man fails at a given task, observers attribute it to _______; woman
bad luck or lack of effort; too hard for her
The disadvantage of being a female leader is that
if the woman fails at a professional job, it supports the stereotype; if she succeeds, then her employment is attributed to affirmative action
self-fulfilling prophecies
stereotypes can cause the behavior to happen, thus supporting the stereotype; perceivers’ negative expectation is confirmed and the target fits the stereotype
Causes of prejudice and discrimination
displaced aggression (to disliked, powerless groups), maintenance of self-image and status (low/declining social status is a good predictor of prejudice), economic and political competition over resources (prejudice increases in hard times), prejudiced personality (authoritarian personality)
authoritarian personality
one cause of prejudice; more overtly prejudiced, less open to new experiences, politically conservative; raised by authoritarian parents
how to reduce prejudice
education, equal status and shared goals (and contact with equal status from out-groups), laws (yes, laws can eventually change attitudes), interdependence (super-ordinate goals; jigsaw classroom)
Why does the jigsaw classroom work?
we like people we help, super-ordinate goals force cooperation, and empathy increases
