Chapter 7 - Prejudice

Question 1

Authoritarian people

Answer 1

see the world as stratified, lion deserves to eat the lamb; often racist or sexist

Question 2

jigsaw classroom

Answer 2

superordinate goals make people work together and reduces prejudice

Question 3

if an enemy becomes a friend

Answer 3

you like them even more

Question 4

What is Prejudice?

Answer 4

a hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group based on generalizations about the group derived from faulty or incomplete information

Question 5

Prejudice leads us to ________ from individuals to a group.

Answer 5

generalize

Question 6

discrimination

Answer 6

a negative or biased BEHAVIOR against an individual based on faulty generalization about their group membership

Question 7

Are we born prejudiced?

Answer 7

no, but the Human Perceptional System is designed to look for similarities and differences

Question 8

We often pay attention to ______, but favor _______.

Answer 8

contrast, similarity

Question 9

Our psychological immune system is trying to

Answer 9

maintain a just, rational, and correct view of our world, even when it’s wrong (minority group members are often seen as deviant)

Question 10

As social animals, we need out groups to survive

Answer 10

they provide economic resources for trade, skills, learning, and biological diversity

Question 11

Learning and socialization can help override the “us v. them” mentality that makes us notice differences between people.

Answer 11

our emotional reaction to differences in out group members can change to be positive (the AFFECT in attitudes can change to positive and THEM can become US

Question 12

old fashioned prejudice

Answer 12

clear, unhidden racism or prejudice; this has decreased overall, but increased during the Trump presidency

Question 13

modern/aversive prejudice

Answer 13

more subtle expressions of prejudice

Question 14

College students are more ____ in attitudes toward race and inter-racial pairings, yet don’t always call themselves “liberal”

Answer 14

progressive; among younger people, it’s not acceptable to be prejudiced

Question 15

U.S. sentencing commission says there is a racial imbalance, meaning

Answer 15

more severe sentences for low-level crack dealers than for wholesale suppliers of powdered cocaine, and one is a bigger problem for blacks, so they get longer sentences; subtle differences - same drug, different sentences

Question 16

Modern/Symbolic racism is the expression of four beliefs:

Answer 16

1. Black Americans no longer face prejudice or discrimination; 2. Black people can’t make progress because they won’t work hard enough; 3. They demand too much too fast; 4. “Anti-white” bias where blacks are given more than the deserve

Question 17

Symbolic racism develops through ______ and it may occur without awareness.

Answer 17

socialization; it’s more subtle than overt racism

Question 18

Most people struggle with a conflict between an urge to express ______ and their need to maintain a positive self-concept.

Answer 18

prejudice

Question 19

Once we find a justification for disliking a group, we can express prejudice and avoid __________ __________.

Answer 19

cognitive dissonance

Question 20

Stereotypes can lead to prejudice as a form of

Answer 20

making a complex world simpler (we are fish swimming in an ocean of culture)

Question 21

confirmation bias

Answer 21

people pay attention to information that confirms their views and ignore disconfirming information

Question 22

Modern prejudice still exists as

Answer 22

more subtle negative actions, thoughts, and attributions (ex. whites can negotiate lower prices than blacks)

Question 23

Most Americans believe that discrimination

Answer 23

is no longer a barrier to success for colored people (white/black man try to fit in for 3 weeks study - black male consistently rejected)

Question 24

When whites trained to conduct interviews, they were more awkward around out-group members of color because

Answer 24

duplex mind - conscious mind trying to be unbiased, automatic mind knowing she’s an out-group member, which creates arousal/nervousness

Question 25

Research at Yale revealed that

Answer 25

black Americans have problems with White medical physicians (and vice versa)

Question 26

When our cognitive resources are depleted (when we’re tired, distracted, stressed, anxious, etc.),

Answer 26

we are more likely to show bias and prejudice

Question 27

hostile sexism

Answer 27

reflects an active dislike of women (women are weak, stupid, manipulative, sexually objectified)

Question 28

benevolent sexism

Answer 28

appears to be favorable to women, but is patronizing (women are dependent, weak, pure, and fragile)

Question 29

When a fat person shops with a diet soda versus a milkshake, _________.

Answer 29

milkshake - sales person shows subtle prejudice; shorter interactions, less eye contact, smiles, gestures

Question 30

Ultimate attribution error

Answer 30

in unsure situations, people attribute according to their prejudices

Question 31

When two white guys are arguing and one shoves another, people see it as _____, but if a black man shoves a white man, _______

Answer 31

horseplay; aggression

Question 32

As a consequence of stereotyping and prejudice, if a prisoner is well behaved,

Answer 32

if the crime fits the stereotype, then the good behavior doesn’t matter, but if it doesn’t then they’re voted for early release

Question 33

black, male patients are more likely to be _______ than white

Answer 33

put in restraints

Question 34

The public still views leaders as

Answer 34

masculine, powerful, dominant, authority figures

Question 35

If a man is successful on a given task, observers attribute his success to ________ _________; a woman _______ ______.

Answer 35

innate ability; hard work

Question 36

If a man fails at a given task, observers attribute it to _______; woman

Answer 36

bad luck or lack of effort; too hard for her

Question 37

The disadvantage of being a female leader is that

Answer 37

if the woman fails at a professional job, it supports the stereotype; if she succeeds, then her employment is attributed to affirmative action

Question 38

self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 38

stereotypes can cause the behavior to happen, thus supporting the stereotype; perceivers’ negative expectation is confirmed and the target fits the stereotype

Question 39

Causes of prejudice and discrimination

Answer 39

displaced aggression (to disliked, powerless groups), maintenance of self-image and status (low/declining social status is a good predictor of prejudice), economic and political competition over resources (prejudice increases in hard times), prejudiced personality (authoritarian personality)

Question 40

authoritarian personality

Answer 40

one cause of prejudice; more overtly prejudiced, less open to new experiences, politically conservative; raised by authoritarian parents

Question 41

how to reduce prejudice

Answer 41

education, equal status and shared goals (and contact with equal status from out-groups), laws (yes, laws can eventually change attitudes), interdependence (super-ordinate goals; jigsaw classroom)

Question 42

Why does the jigsaw classroom work?

Answer 42

we like people we help, super-ordinate goals force cooperation, and empathy increases