Hernias and liver stuff

Question 1

Hernia red flags

Answer 1

incarcerated or strangulated… incarcerated may not be painful.

Question 2

diverticulosis vs diverticulitis

Answer 2

pockets (out-pouching) vs infection

Question 3

sign of diverticulitis

Answer 3

painless rectal bleeding!

LLQ pain 
N/V
constipation 
diarrhea 
urinary symptoms (10-15%, due to irritation of the sigmoid which irritates the bladder)

Question 4

tx diverticulitis

Answer 4

cipro and flagyl

Question 5

what are kupffer cells?

Answer 5

macrophages in the liver

Question 6

Liver blood flow:

How much blood is nutrient rich from the portal vein and how much is oxygenated from the hepatic arteries?

Answer 6

75

25

Question 7

what is the portal triad?

Answer 7

portal vein, bile duct, hepatic artery

Question 8

what does darker urine indicate in the context of jaundice?

Answer 8

elevated conjugated bili = cholestasis

Question 9

what is painless jaundice caused by?

Answer 9

bile duct stricture for CA

Question 10

If total protein to albumin gap > 4 what does this indicate?

Answer 10

extra protein = sepsis? HIV? viral hepatitis?

Question 11

elevated GGT?

Answer 11

non-specific… MI, hemolysis… autoimmune… coombs test, trop, ANA/SMA, etc.