heredity - inheritance patterns in a population Flashcards
DNA sequencing
the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a segment of DNA.
DNA profiling
testing of highly variable regions of an individual’s DNA that contain short repeating sequences called Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), located in the introns (non-coding regions).
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
technique used to exponentially amplify large numbers of copies of a specific sequence of DNA. → then be compared to other nucleotide segments from a known source
PCR process
Denaturation – DNA sample is heated to separate it into two single strands (95°C for 1 min)
Annealing – DNA primers attach to the 3’ ends of the target sequence (55°C for 1 min)
Elongation – A heat-tolerant DNA polymerase binds to the primer and copies the strand of DNA (72°C for 2 min)
gel electrophoresis
lab technique used to separate mixtures of DNA based on molecular size.
gel electrophoresis process
- DNA is extracted.
- PCR isolation and amplification of DNA.
- DNA added to the gel wells.
- Electric current applied to the gel.
- DNA bands are separated by size.
- DNA bands are stained.
genetic sequencing
process by which the exact sequence of nucleotides in a chromosome or gene is determined.
karyotyping
Standard karyotypes can be used to detect abnormalities in whole chromosome numbers or structural issues e.g. Down syndrome
karyotyping
Standard karyotypes can be used to detect abnormalities in whole chromosome numbers or structural issues e.g. Down syndrome
FISH-ing (fluorescence in situ hybridization)
uses fluorescent probes that only bind to specific nucleotide sequences during DNA duplication.
conservation genetics
application of genetics to preserve species through maintaining variation within populations so that they are capable of coping with environmental change.
karyotyping
Standard karyotypes can be used to detect abnormalities in whole chromosome numbers or structural issues e.g. Down syndrome
genetic drift
change in allele frequencies in a population between generations that occurs due to chance events.
minimum viable population (MVP)
is the ecological threshold that indicates the smallest number of individuals in a species or population capable of surviving in the wild for an ongoing amount of time.
Single nucleotide polymorphism
A point mutation in a segment of DNA that occurs in more than 1% of a population.
