genetic change - genetic technologies

Question 1

examples of genetic technologies

Answer 1

• Genetically modified organisms such as transgenic species.
• The use of bacterial plasmids.
• Gene therapy.
• CRISPR

Question 2

transgenic species

Answer 2

species contains the DNA from another species causing its genome to be changed. Eg Aquadvantage salmon. Ecoli bacteria producing human insulin.

Question 3

restriction enzyme

Answer 3

an enzyme that cuts at specific parts of the DNA strand. Each DNA strand is specific - they cut at particular points of the DNA chain.

Question 4

DNA ligase

Answer 4

a sealing enzyme to join the sticky end to the targeted sequence at the sugar phosphate bond

Question 5

recombinant DNA

Answer 5

Use of restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at a precise position.

Splicing (joining) of DNA molecule into a vector. (often a bacterial plasmid)

Use of a ligase to seal the sugar phosphate bonds

Insertion of the recombinant DNA into a cell.

Question 6

Methods of insertion of DNA into a cell.

Answer 6

1. Via bacterial plasmids.
2. Use of viral vectors.
3. Use of bacteria carrying the recombinant DNA as a plasmid.

Question 7

gene therapy

Answer 7

insertion of a gene into a cell and its DNA to express the new gene.

Replacement of the the recessive allele with a dominant allele would overcome this disease for the sufferer.

The difficulty is in the insertion of the new gene into the genome of the sufferer.

Question 8

artificial insemination

Answer 8

Artificial insemination involves the removal of semen from a male and artificially impregnating a selected female.

This is done primarily with cattle and horses for breeding purposes but can be done in humans.

Question 9

artificial pollination

Answer 9

• Artificial pollination involves the removal of pollen by hand and then hand fertilising a stigma of a chosen plant.
• Initially both forms of fertilisation can lead to increased genetic variation within a species but then reduced variation as only a select range of gametes are used in the process.

Question 10

clone

Answer 10

A cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived.

Question 11

DNA cloning

Answer 11

The transfer of a particular gene fragment from one organism into the genome of another. This is also known as gene cloning.

Question 12

reproductive cloning

Answer 12

Genetic material from a donor adult is inserted into a somatic cell which is stimulated to divide and grow into an embryo eg. Dolly the sheep.

Question 13

therapeutic cloning

Answer 13

The production of embryos in order to harvest stem cells to treat human diseases.

Question 14

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 14

A stem cell when inserted into another cell type has the ability to grow and develop as that cell type.

Question 15

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 15

A stem cell when inserted into another cell type has the ability to grow and develop as that cell type.

Question 16

gene cloning

Answer 16

Gene cloning refers to the production of multiple copies of a gene.

Gene cloning can also be carried out by the PCR to produce multiple copies of a gene for research purposes and for genetic engineering.

Question 17

Issues arising from artificial reproductive technologies.

Answer 17

reduce genetic diversity - increase risk of disease