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heredity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Heredity?

A

The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring.

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2
Q

What is Variation?

A

Differences among individuals belonging to the same species.

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3
Q

What is Genetics?

A

The branch of biology that studies hereditary information.

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4
Q

What are the Branches of Genetics?

A

Mendelian/Molecular/Population Genetics

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5
Q

What is Mendelian Genetics?

A

Reviews the basic laws of inheritance described by Gregor Mendel; he used garden peas as a model organism.

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6
Q

What is Molecular Genetics

A

Deals with the chemical nature of genes;mechanisms of transmission;and applications.

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7
Q

What is Population Genetics?

A

Studies the behavior of a particular gene in a group of organisms and the impact of environmental factors on genes.

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8
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A segment of DNA that is the basic functional and structural unit of heredity.

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9
Q

What does Chromosome carry?

A

Carries DNA in cells.

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10
Q

What is DNA?

A

Responsible for building and maintaining human structure.

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11
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

The set of genes an organism carries.

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12
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

The expressed and observable trait.

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13
Q

What is an Allele?

A

An alternative form of a gene.

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14
Q

What is Homozygous?

A

Has two identical copies of the same allele for a particular trait.HH;hh

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15
Q

What is Heterozygous?

A

Has two different copies of alleles for a particular trait.Hh

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16
Q

What does homozyous Dominant look like?

A

RR:HH:WW

17
Q

What does a Recessive look like?

A

rr;hh;ww

18
Q

Who is Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)?

A

A botanist; teacher;and Augustinian prelate;first person to lay the mathematical foundation of genetics.

19
Q

What is the Garden Peas (Pisum sativum) and why peas?

A

Mendel used garden peas as his model organism for his experiments due to their: Observable traits with contrasting forms;High offspring production in one cross;short life cycle and generation time;Ease in manipulating pollination.

20
Q

What is Monohybrid Inheritance?

A

Inheritance involving one pair of contrasting alleles.

21
Q

What is a Monohybrid Cross?

A

A cross involving the inheritance of only one trait.

22
Q

How is Pure Breeding produced?

A

Produces only one form of a particular trait when self-fertilized.

23
Q

What is a Punnett Square?

A

Introduced by Reginald Punnet; a diagram used to predict the expected results of a genetic cross by considering all possible combinations of gametes.

24
Q

What is the Unit Factors in Pairs?

A

Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors (genes) that exist in pairs in individual organisms.

25
Q

What is the Law of Dominance?

A

In a heterozygote;one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic;Recessive alleles only show their effect if the individual has 2 copies of the allele.

26
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

2 alleles of one trait segregate from each other during gamete formation.

27
Q

Who hypothesized that inherited traits could be traced to the production of egg and sperm cells during meiosis?

A

Mandel

28
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

29
Q

Does the inheritance of one trait affect the inheritance of another trait?

A

Mendel made crosses of 2 identical pairs;and concluded that inheritance of one trait is NOT affected by the inheritance of another trait.

30
Q

What is Dihybrid Cross?

A

A cross that involves two different pairs of traits.

31
Q

What is Non-Mendelian Inheritance?

A

Traits that do not segregate in accordance with Mendel’s laws.

32
Q

What is Incomplete Dominance?

A

A cross between organisms with two different phenotypes that produce offspring with a third phenotype different from both parents. (exmp: half blue and red flower from red flower and blue flower)

33
Q

What is Codominance?

A

Both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. (exmp: purple flower from red flower n blue flower)

34
Q

What are Multiple Alleles?

A

A gene can have more than a pair of alleles that controls the expression of traits.

35
Q

What are the types of Sex-Related Inheritance?

A

Sex-linked; sex-influenced;sex-limited

36
Q

What areSex-Linked Traits?

A

Genes that go along with either the X or Y chromosome.

37
Q

What are Sex-Influenced Traits?

A

Autosomal traits expressed more in one sex than the other.

38
Q

What are Sex-Limited Traits?

A

Autosomal traits expressed only in one sex.

science Q1 (5 decks)

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