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Y3 Clinical Skills > Herbivore Dental > Flashcards

Herbivore Dental Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomy of herbivore teeth

A
  • Hypsodont
  • Large reserve crowns
  • Enamel extends below the gum line
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2
Q

Describe the anatomy of horse teeth

A
  • Hypsodont (high crowned teeth, with enamel extending below the gum line)
  • Radicular (have closed roots, meaning growth decreases with age)
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3
Q

Describe the anatomy of rabbit teeth

A
  • Hypsodont (high crowned teeth with enamel extending below the gum line)
  • Elodont (teeth grow continuously throughout life)
  • Aradicular (the teeth do not develop anatomical roots)
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4
Q

An unsuitable die tor anatomical malformations can result in what for herbivore teeth?

A

Formation of excessive sharp points or spurs on the teeth where the hard enamel has grown unchecked

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5
Q

What is the permanent dental formula of a horse?

A 
I 3/3
C 1/1 or 0/0
PM 4/4 or 3/3
M 3/3
= 36-44 teeth
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6
Q

Canine teeth can develop in some horses, at what age would they erupt?

A

4.5 - 5 years old

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7
Q

In the triadan numbering system what number would a canine be?

A

104 or 204

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8
Q

Wolf teeth are present in some horses, what age do they erupt and shed?

A

Erupt at 5-6 months

Shed at 2.5 years old

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9
Q

In the triadan numbering system what number would a wolf tooth be?

A

1,2,3 or 4 - 05

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10
Q

What is the permanent dental formula of a rabbit?

A 
I 2/1
C 0/0
PM 3/2
M 3/3
= 28 teeth
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11
Q

Describe the formation of the incisors in a rabbit

A

The second maxillary incisor sits behind the first, forming a peg tooth
The lower incisors, sit between the first and second maxillary incisors, creating a scissor action for cropping grass/forage material.

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12
Q

Give the age of the horse when each of the incisors has permanently erupted

A

1 (central) = 2.5 years old
2 (middle) = 3.5 years old
4 (corner) = 4.5 years old

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13
Q

Following permanent eruption, how long does it take before an incisor is ‘in wear’

A

6 months
Incisor 1 in wear starts at 3 yo
Incisor 2 in wear starts at 4 yo
Incisor 3 in wear starts at 5 yo

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14
Q

Give a definition of eruption

A

the time at which the tooth becomes visible at the gum margin

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15
Q

Give a definition of in wear

A

The time at which the incisor teeth meet (lower with upper). This occurs approx. six months after eruption.

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16
Q

Describe the appearance of deciduous incisors

A

Small and white, with small ridges on the labial surface

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17
Q

The cementum filled depression on the occlusive surface of the tooth is called the…?

A

Infundibulum

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18
Q

Initially the infundibulum is empty and collects food particles – at this stage it is referred to as a … ?

A

Cup

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19
Q

Once the cementum is in wear and the cup appears filled in, it is referred to as a …?

A

Mark

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20
Q

At what age does the cup disappear in each of the incisors?

A 
1 = 6-7 yo
2 = 7-11 yo
3 = 9-15 yo
21
Q

At what age does the mark disappear in each of the incisors?

A 
1 = >12 years
2 = >14 years 
3 = >15 years
22
Q

What is the dental star?

A

Production of secondary dentine by the pulp cavity as the incisor wears

23
Q

How does the dental star shape change as a tooth is worn?

A

It is fairly linear initially and becomes rounder and more central as wear progresses

24
Q

At what age does the dental start appear in the each incisor of a horse?

A 
1 = 5yo
2 = 6yo
3 = 7yo
25
Q

What appears in the dental star after 2-3 years in wear?

A

White spots

26
Q

A horse has a dental star visible in all of its teeth, with white marks visible in the central incisor, how old is the horse?

A

8 years old

27
Q

How does the shape of the occlusal surface change with age?

A

From oval through trapezoid to triangular

28
Q

Describe how the shape of the corner incisor changes and how that can be used to determine a horses age

A

At 5-9 years old: the corner incisor is wider than it is tall
At 9-10 years old: the corner incisor is square
>10 years old: the corner incisor is taller than it is wide

29
Q

Galvayne’s groove can appear on which incisor?

A

Maxillary corner

30
Q

How can Galvayne’s groove be used to estimate a horses age?

A 
- It appears at 
the gum margin at around 11years old
- Groove is halfway down the tooth at 15yo
- whole way 
down by 20
- halfway out by 25 
- gone by 30
31
Q

Which deciduous equine cheek teeth are present at birth?

A

PM 2, 3 and 4

32
Q

In 2-4 year old horses, during eruption of the cheek teeth, what can be observed?

A

4 year old bumps = firm swellings form on the ventral aspect of lower jaw indicating the rapidly developing dentition within the mandible

33
Q

How is the anatomy of the maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth different?

A
  • The maxillary cheek teeth are square in shape, with two infundibulae and usually three roots
  • The mandibular cheek teeth are more rectangular and have no infundibulae but lots of folding of peripheral enamel and usually two roots
34
Q

How do rabbits cheek teeth differ to a horse?

A

They are open rooted
If you remove either a problem incisor or a problem cheek tooth in the rabbit you must ensure that you destroy the germinal bud
otherwise the tooth will simply regrow

35
Q

Equine teeth erupt at roughly how many mm per year?

A

3-4mm

36
Q

In horses and rabbits a routine dental examination should consist of what 4 parts?

A

History
Extra oral exam
Intra oral exam
Dental charting

37
Q

What should always be checked for when looking at or taking an animals dental history?

A
  • Previous issues
  • Date of last examination
  • Diet/management
  • Riding concerns
38
Q

What should be assessed in an equine extra-oral examination?

A
  • Facial symmetry
  • Sinuses
  • Palpate for swellings or discomfort
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lateral mandible movement
  • Incisor occlusion
  • Lips for scars/masses
39
Q

What do horses require to restrain them for an intra-oral exam?

A

Sedation

40
Q

Before applying a gag in horses where might be useful to rasp?

A

Buccal angle of the maxillary cheek teeth

41
Q

Give examples of abnormalities that should be noted on a dental chart

A
  • missing teeth
  • calculus
  • gingivitis
  • periodontal pockets
  • diastema
  • fractures
  • loose or mobile teeth
42
Q

What is the aim of rasping teeth?

A

Remove sharp enamel points/dental overgrowths which are causing, or are likely to cause, progressive malocclusion of the arcades, or damage to the soft tissues of the
mouth.
- not aiming for all of the teeth to be smooth

43
Q

Where are sharp points commonly located on the maxillary and mandibular teeth?

A 
Maxillary = buccal surface
Mandibular = lingual surface
44
Q

At what angle should the rasp blade be held at?

A

45◦ angle to the buccal aspect of the tooth

45
Q

When rasping how can you check that your technique is correct?

A

You should see an even distribution of tooth particles along the blade

46
Q

Which side do horses like being approached from?

A

The left

47
Q

On which teeth and aspect would you use a straight rasp?

A

Lingual aspect of the mandibular teeth

Buccal aspect of the caudal premolars and rostral molars in the maxillary arcade

48
Q

On which teeth and aspect would you use a forward facing rasp?

A

Caudal molars in the maxillary arcade

49
Q

On which teeth and aspect would you use a backwards facing rasp?

A

Rostral premolars in the maxillary arcade

Caudal molars in the mandibular arcade

Y3 Clinical Skills (8 decks)

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