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Myth And Religion GCSE Classical Civilisation > Heracles/Hercules > Flashcards

Heracles/Hercules Flashcards

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1
Q

King of Thebes when Heracles is born

A

Creon

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2
Q

Mother of Haracles

A

Alcmene

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3
Q

Husband of Alcmene

A

Amphitryon

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4
Q

Alcmene

A

Wife of Amphitryon, descendant of Perseus

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5
Q

Amphitryon

A

Husband of Alcmene and nephew of Sthenelus

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6
Q

How did Zeus seduce Alcmene

A

He disguised himself as Amphitryon

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7
Q

Birthplace of Heracles

A

Thebes

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8
Q

What did Zeus do before Heracles was born

A

Boasted that he would now have a son to match him on earth

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9
Q

What did Hera make Zeus vow before Heracles was born

A

That the first son of the House of Perseus born that night would indeed rule

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10
Q

Eileithyia

A

Goddess of midwives and childbirth
Daughter of Zeus and Hera

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11
Q

Sthenelus

A

Uncle of Amphitryon and King of Mykenae, descendent of Perseus

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12
Q

Iphicles

A

Son of Alcmene and Amphitryon, brother of Heracles

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13
Q

Eurystheus

A

Son of Sthenelus
King of Mykenae
Heracles has to work for him, doing the 10 Labours

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14
Q

Who was born before Heracles, and thus destined to rule?

A

Eurytheus, son of Sthenelus

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15
Q

What did Hera do when Heracles was born

A

Sent two snakes to poison him

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16
Q

What did Heracles do with the two snakes sent to poison him when he was born

A

He strangled them

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17
Q

What did Alcmene do when she was frightened by Hera’s wrath

A

Abandoned Heracles in the woods. He was recovered by Athena

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18
Q

What did Hera do when Athena brought the baby Heracles to Olympus

A

Ordered him to be returned to Alcmene to raise him

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19
Q

Who was Heracles’ protector

A

Athena

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20
Q

Who did Heracles first marry

A

Megara

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21
Q

Father of Megara

A

Cleon

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22
Q

What happened to Heracles’ marriage to Megara

A

Hera made Heracles go mad and he killed Megara and their children

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23
Q

What did Heracles do after killing his family

A

Exiled himself and went to the oracle at Delphi

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24
Q

what did the Oracle of Delphi tell Heracles after he had killed his family

A

to serve King Eurystheus for twelve years.

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25
Q

Who controlled the oracle at Delphi when Heracles visited it

A

Hera

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26
Q

What house did Heracles come from

A

The House of Perseus

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27
Q

1st Labour of Heracles

A

Nemean Lion
* Heracles
* Nemean Lion
* Athena

Heracles attacked it with bow and arrow and sword
Lion had impregnable skin
Herakles stranged to it death
Athena told him to skin it with one of the lion’s claws

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28
Q

2nd Labour of Heracles

A

Lernaean Hydra
* Heracles
* Lernaean Hydra
* Hera
* Athena
* Iolaus (Heracles’ cousin)
* Giant crab

Heracles cut off a head and Iolaus sealed the neck with a flaming torch to stop two new ones growing.
Hera sent a giant crab which bit Heracles’ foot and he crushed it
Heracles deteched the immortal head and buried it under a pile of rocks.
Heracles took the venom for his arrows
Eurystheus claimed it did not count as Iolaus had helped him

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29
Q

3rd Labour of heracles

A

Golden Hind
* Heracles
* Golden Hind/Ceryneian Hind
* Artemis
* Apollo

Heracles tracked the animal for a whole year before catching it by snaring it.
Bound its legs and carried it back to Mykenae
On his way, met by Apollo and Artemis, as the hind belonged to her. He told her that Eurystheus told him to do it, and it was only being borrowed. She allowed him to continue

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30
Q

4th Labour of Heracles

A

Erymanthian Boar
* Heracles
* Erymanthian Boar

Had to be captured alive
Heracles wore the bore down chasing through the thick winter snow
When it tired, he caught it, bound its legs, and returned to Mykenae
Eurysthenes was so scared he hid in a sunken pithos jar

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31
Q

5th Labour of Heracles

A

Augean Stables
* Heracles
* Augeas, (king of Elis)

Heracles had to clean out the stables in one day
Heracles diverted the rivers Alpheios and Peneios through the stables, cleaning them instantly
Augeas promised Heracles payment, but did not pay
Heracles came back with an army, defeated him, and set up the Olympic games

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32
Q

6th Labour of Heracles

A

Stymphalian Birds
* Heracles
* Stymphalian Birds
* Athena

Heracles went into the Arcadian forests where the Stymphalian birds lived
Unsure how to rouse them.
Athena gave him a rattle made by Hephaistos
Shook it, the birds flew up, and he shot them with a sling shot or arrows

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33
Q

7th Labour of Heracles

A

Cretan Bull
* Heracles
* The Cretan Bull
* Minos (king of Crete)

Heracles crept up behind the bull and strangled it, releasing his grip before it passed out
Then rode the bull across the sea to Greece
Upon arriving in Mykenae Eurystheus hid in his pithos jar
Heracles let the bull loose

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34
Q

8th Labour of Heracles

A

Mares of Diomedes
* Heracles
* Diomedes (king of the Bistones in Thrace)
* Mares of Diomedes
* Abderos (companion of Heracles)

Heracles defeated the stablemen.
Diomedes found out
Heracles left the horses with his companion Abderos and took his men to fight Diomedes
The horses ate Abderos
Heracles fed Diomedes to the horses
One account has the horses now eternally calm roam the plains of Argos
Apollodorus states they went free and were killed by wild animals at Olympus

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35
Q

9th Labour of Heracles

A

Belt of Hippolyte
* Heracles
* Hippolyte (queen of the Amazons, daughter of Ares)
* Eurystheus’ daughter
* Hera
* Rumour

Eurystheus’ daughter wanted Hippolyte’s belt
Heracles took an army
Hippolyte admired him so gave him the belt
Hera spread a rumour that Heracles wanted to steal the queen
The Amazons rode out to kill Heracles
Heracles believed the queen had double crossed him
In the battle Heracles killed Hippolyte and took the belt

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36
Q

10th Labour of Heracles

A

Cattle of Geryon
* Heracles
* Cattle of Geryon
* Eurytion (herdsman)
* Orthrus (Eurytion’s dog)
* Geryon

Took Heracles beyond the Greek world, to the edge of the Earth
Heracles defeated the herdsman Eurytion and his dog Orthrus by using his club
Heracles began to leave, but another shepherd warned Geryon
Geryon fought Heracles who used his club and arrows to defeat him
On his way back, Heracles went through southern Italy, where the Romans forged their link with him
Eurystheus sacrificed the bulls to Hera

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37
Q

11th Labour of Heracles

A

Apples of Hesperides
* Heracles
* Hesperides (Nymphs, daughters of Atlas)
* Atlas
* River Achelous
* Prometheus
* Zeus
* Athena

One of Heracles’ longest tasks
Unaware of the garden’s location
Journey took him to North Africa, the Near East, and Illyria, where he fought the river Achelous.
On Mt Caucasus he killed the eagle that tormented Prometheus
Prometheus told him where to find the garden
Heracles travelled to Atlas and offered to hold the sky if he got the apples.
Atlas accepted then offered to take them to Mykenae so as not to take the sky back
Heracles asked him to hold them a moment while he got some pillows for his shoulders, then when Atlas took them, he fled
When the mission was complete, Athena returned the apples

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38
Q

12th Labour of Heracles

A

Cerberus
* Heracles
* Hades
* Persephone
* Cerberus

Heracles joined the Eleusinian mysteries so as to gain favour with Persephone
Upon arriving in the underworld, he met Hades and Persephone, they told him he could take Cerberus if he captured him without the use of weapons
Heracles used the stranglehold he had used before
After showing Cerberus to Eurystheus the dog was returned to Hades

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39
Q

Which two Labours did not count according to Eurystheus?
Why?

A

The Lernaean Hydra as he received help
The Augean Stables as he was offered money

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40
Q

Characteristics of the Nemean Lion

A

Trained by Hera and settled in the hills of Nema to plague mankind.
Skin impregnable by weapons

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40
Q

Characteristics of the Lernaean Hydra

A

Nourished by Hera because of her grudge against Heracles
Many headed, different numbers depending on source, one of which is sometimes immortal
When one head is removed another two grow in its place
Venom for blood

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40
Q

Characteristics of the Golden Hin

A

AKA the Ceryneian Hind
From Mt. Ceryneia in Arcadia
Larger than a bull and completely golden
Sacred to Artemis

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41
Q

Characteristics of the Erymanthian Boar

A

Larger than normal boars
Terrorised courtryside of Arcadia

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42
Q

Characteristics of the Augean Stables

A

The cattle were famous for producing an extremely large amount of dung

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43
Q

Characteristics of the Stymphalian Birds

A

They ravaged the farm lands of Stymphalos, potentially eating residents
Lived deep in the Arcadian Stymphalian Marsh

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44
Q

Characteristics of the Cretan Bull

A

Had been destroying Cretan homes and farmland
Heracles let it go, and it wondered to Marathon where Theseus defeated it

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45
Q

Characteristics of the Mares of Diomedes

A

A set of horses tethered to a bronze manger with iron chains. They were crazed as Diomedes fed them on the limbs of defeated enemies and passing strangers
Either let free to roam the plains of Argos, eternally calm
OR when they got to Olympus they were killed by wild animals

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46
Q

Characterstics of the Belt of Hippolyte

A

Magical
Gift from Ares to Hippolyte, his daughter

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47
Q

Characteristics of the Cattle of Geryon

A

They had red hides

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48
Q

Characteristics of the Apples of Hesperides

A

Gift from Gaia to Zeus and Hera at their wedding
Grow in the garden of the Hesperides
Golden
Guarded by the Hesperides, nymphs and daughters of Atlas

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49
Q

Characteristics of Cerberus

A

Guard of the underworld
many headed

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50
Q

Traditional date for founding of Olympic games

A

776 BC

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51
Q

Hippodamia

A

Daughter of Oinomaos

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52
Q

Oinomaos

A

King of Pisa near Olympia

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53
Q

Features of Oinomaos’ chariot race

A

Oinomaos challenged suitors of Hippodamia to a chariot race
If they won they married her
If they lost he killed them

54
Q

Pelops

A

Husband of Hippodamia
Father of Atreus
Defeated Oinomaos

55
Q

What happened in the race between Pelops and Oinomaos

A

Pelops challenged Oinomaos to a race
Pelops bribed the charioteer to replace the bronze linchpins with wax ones
While racing the heat of the wheel melted the wax and threw Oinomaos from the chariot, killing him

56
Q

What did Pelops do after winning the chariot race

A

Married Hippodamia
Founded the Olympics as funerary games in honour of Oinomaos

57
Q

Augeas

A

King of Elis

58
Q

Outline Heracles’ revenge on Augeas

A

After his twelve labours, Heracles collected an army, marched against Augeas, and took the city of Elis

59
Q

Who were the troops that Heracles used against Augeas

A

Arcadians and volunteers from the first men in Greece

60
Q

What did Heracles do after defeating Augeas

A

Celebrated the Olympic Games and founded an alter to Pelops, and built six alters of the twelve gods

61
Q

What does the Temple of Zeus combine?
How?

A

The story of Pelops and the 12 labours of Heracles
Pelops is on the eastern pediment and Haracles is on the twelve metopes, 6 at th front, 6 at the back

62
Q

Objectives of a sculpter when making a metope

A
  • Create a scene that could be easily recognisable
  • Create realism in his scene
  • Fill the space so as not to leave any blank areas
63
Q

Temple of Zeus started construction date

A

472BC

64
Q

What did the Temple of Zeus emphasize

A

IMportance of Heracles to the site and the games

65
Q

Where is this sculpture from

A

Temple of Zeus

66
Q

During which labour did Hercules visit Italy

A

10th: The Cattle of Geryon

67
Q

Why did Hercules go through Italy?

Similar to Hannibal

A

He was bringing the cattle of Geryon bak to Eurystheus and to do this he had to travel through southern Spain, into France, and down through Italy

68
Q

Who inhabitted the area around the Tiber when Hercules visitted

A

Arcadians, their city was in the hill named Pallantium after their ancestor Pallas

69
Q

Where did the story of Hercules’ story take place exactly

A

By the Aventine Hill, next to the Tiber

70
Q

King Evander

A

Founder of Pallantium
Brought pantheon, laws, and alphabet to Italy

71
Q

Who does Evander describe before the banquet

A

Priam and his visit to Arcadia

72
Q

Father of Cacus

A

Vulcan

73
Q

Epithet of Cacus

A

the half-human

74
Q

Who does Evander tell the story of Cacus and Hercules to?

A

Aeneas and his fellow Trojan refugees

75
Q

How does Evander start his story

A

by stating the feast is no idle superstition, but in thanks to their rescue

76
Q

Description of Cacus

A

Half human
Monster
Belched fire

77
Q

Description of Cacus’ cave after Hercules destroyed it

A

Rocky overhanging cliff, widely shattered, deserted, crags pulled down in ruin
There was a deep cave, untouched by sunlight, inhabitted by Cacus

78
Q

Why does Evander refer to Hercules as a god?

A

By the time he is telling the story Hercules has died and been deified

79
Q

Description of Geryon

A

Three-fold Geryon

80
Q

How many cattle did Cacus steal

A

8
4 bulls and 4 heifers

81
Q

How did Cacus try to decieve Hercules

A

He dragged the cattle by their tails so the tracks pointed in the opposite direction to the way he took them

82
Q

What did Cacus do when he realised Hercules was coming

A

He fled to his cave and shut locked the door

82
Q

How did Hercules realise that some cattle had been stolen

A

His cows started mooing and one of the captured ones returned the call, alerting him to its capture

83
Q

Hercules’ attempt to open the door to Cacus’ cave

A

He circled the Aventine three times, and tried the door in vain three times, three times he sunk down, exhausted in the valley

84
Q

Who crafted the mechanism for the door to Cacus’ cave

A

Vulcan, his father

85
Q

‘the terrified river recoiled’
Which river does this refer to

A

Tiber

86
Q

How did Hercules break into Cacus’ lair

A

He noticed a huge flint peak on the top of the mountain and using his body weight and strength, lifted the top clean off, exposing Cacus

87
Q

What did Hercules do after removing the flint peak

A

Using all his weapons, he hurled missiles at Cacus

88
Q

What did Cacus do in defence after Hercules had opened his cave

A

he belched smoke

89
Q

What does Hercules do when Cacus belches smoke

A

He jumps down into the cave and attacks Cacus

90
Q

How did Heracles kill Cacus

A

He strangled him

91
Q

How does Evander finish his story

A

With Hercules presenting the body of Cacus to the people and Evander, and Evander stating that this is why they celebrate Hercules

92
Q

Why does the cult of Hercules follow the Greek tradition

A

Evander was orginally Greek

93
Q

Why did Hercules go to Evander’s city

A

seeking friendship

94
Q

What was happening when Aeneas arrived at Pallanteum

A

Evander was making offerings to Hercules and other gods in a grove in front of the city

95
Q

What did the ritual in the cult of Hercules involve

A

Annual, at the Great Alter of Hercules, between the Tiber and Palatine, later known as the Forum Boarium
Only men, sacrificing an animal, and burning incense
Evander and his son Pallas attended the sacrifice with all the young men, and his impoverished senate offering incense, and the warm blood smoked on the alters

96
Q

Who set up the alter to Hercules

A

Potitius with the Pinarian House as guardians of the worship

97
Q

What does Evander instruct the young men to do at the Herculian celebration

A

wreathe their hair with leaves, hold out wine cups in their right hands, in honur of Hercules, and pour out the wine with a will

98
Q

What temple is this

A

The Temple of Hercules the Victor
2nd century BC

99
Q

Who ran the cult of Hercules

A

The Potitii and Pinarii families
* according to tradition they were taught by Hercules himself how to worship him

312BC, responsiblity transferred to a group of slaves.
* Slaves made up large amount of Roman population, making Hercules popular with the. masses

100
Q

Gladiators and Hercules

A

Gladiators worshipped him
When a gladiator was freed he was presented wtih a wooden sword that was hung in the Temple of Hercules the Victor

101
Q

Where are the tales of Hercules and Achelous, Hecules and Nessus, and Death of Hercules
Found?

A

Ovid’s Metamorphoses

102
Q

Who told the story of Hercules and Achelous and to whom?

A

Achelous told the story to Theseus

103
Q

Why did Achelous tell the story of Achelous and Hercules?

A

The river Acheloüs had swollen with rain and Theseus and his men had to wait in order to cross it.
Acheloüs told them stories, and Theseus asked why he had sighed and why his horn was broken off his head

104
Q

What is the reason for the contest between Hercules and Acheloüs

A

The hand of the princess Deianira of Aitolia

105
Q

What reason does Acheloüs give for telling the story
(Quote)

A

“The shame of being beaten is no less than the honour of having fought. It is a great consolation to me that the victor was so famous”

106
Q

What did Acheloüs say before the fight?

A

That he was a god and so superior to Hercules
That Hercules’ labours were his own fault
That the story of his brith was either a lie or a scandal

107
Q

What did Hercules say before the fight with Acheloüs?

A

Referred to his divine parentage and his labours

107
Q

Why did the fight between Hercules and Acheloüs begin

A

Hercules said he was better at fighting than argueing with words.

108
Q

Outline the events of the fight between Acheloüs and Hercules

A

Hercules attacked, but Ahceloüs stood firm, they stepped back and attacked again. They wrestled until Hercules strangled Acheloüs.
Acheloüs turned into a snake, but Hercules strangled him again. He turned into a bull and Hercules threw his arms round his neck and forced his horns, while charging forward, intot he ground. Then he pulled the horn from his brow.

109
Q

Main characters in Hercules vs Acheloüs

A

Hercules
Acheloüs
Deianira
Oeneus (father of Deianira, Calydonian king)

110
Q

What happened to Acheloüs’ horn

A

The Naiades took it and filled with with fruit and flowers and made it sacred.

111
Q

What river did Nessus tell Hercules he would help Deianira cross?

A

The river Evenus

112
Q

What was the river Evenus like when Hercules and Deianira came to it?

A

Swelled by winter rains, and with frequent whirlpools and was impassable

113
Q

What was the name of the centaur who tried to run off with Deianira

A

Nessus

114
Q

What did Hercules swim across the Evander wearing that weighed him down? What had he thrown across to the other side?

A

He wore his lion skin and quiver
He had thrown his bow and club over to the other side

115
Q

What did Hecules not do when crossing the river Evander? Why?

A

He did not find the calmest part of the river because he did not want to claim the river’s allegiance

116
Q

What did Nessus do as Hercules gained the othe side of the river

A

Tried to run off with Deianira

117
Q

What alerted Hercules that Nessus was running off with Deianira

A

She called out

118
Q

What was the first thing Hercules did when he saw that Nessus had betrayed him?

A

He gave a speech about how Nessus should not think to betray him.

119
Q

Who does Hercules mention when telling Nessus he should not cross him?

A

Ixion, Nessus’ father

120
Q

Death of Nessus

A

After giving a speech, Hercules declares he will with ‘wounds, not feet’ follow Nessus, and shoots him with a poisonous arow which peirces his back and protrudes from his chest.
The shaft was pulled out and his blood mixed with the Hydra’s poison
Nessus murmured he would not die without revenge

121
Q

What did Nessus give to Deiamira

A

His tunic soaked with blood, which he said would revive a waning love

122
Q

Who brought the tale to Deinira about Hercules’ love for Iole

A

Rumour

123
Q

Iole

A

Daughter of Eurystus

124
Q

What did Deianira decide to do, after much thought, about Hercules’ alleged love for Iole

A

Send the shirt of Nessus to Hercules in order to restore his love for her

125
Q

Where and what was was Hercules doing when he received the shirt of Nessus?

A

Preparing to sacrifice to Jupiter at Cenaeum, he was vicorious at Oechalia in Euboea where he had avenged an insult from King Eurytus

126
Q

Why was the shirt of Nessus poisonous?

A

It was soaked in the Hydra’s blood

127
Q

Outline the death of Hercules

A

The fire from the sacrifice dissolved the poison into his body.
He tried to tear the shirt off, but it pulled his flesh with it, and he filled the land with his shouts.
He lists his victories and attacks Hera in a speech, then he tore down trees and raised his arms to the skies.
He saw Lichas and threw him away, thinking he had killed him, then felled trees and made a funeral pyre, lay down, gave some last orders, and his mortal self died in the flames

128
Q

Lichas

A

Servant of Hecules
Deianira sent him to give the shirt to Hercules
In his rage Hercuels blamed him for his death and killed him by swimming him round and throwing him away. As he flew, Lichas turned to flint before landing in the water, still with a humanish form.

129
Q

Philoctetes

A

Son of Poeas
Given the bow and arrow of Hercuels
Supplied the flame for the funeral pyre of Hercules
Hero at Troy

130
Q

What did Jupiter say as he watched Hercules die?

A

Demanded he be made divine, and that no god could disagree.

131
Q

How did the gods respond to Jupiter’s demand of Hercules becomeing divine?

A

They all agreed, even though Juno was upset at being censored

132
Q

What happened to Hercules?

A

Mulciber destroyed his mortal form and Hercules became a god, carried up by Jupiter in his chariot, and set among the stars

Myth And Religion GCSE Classical Civilisation (19 decks)

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