Hepato-biliary: Hepatitis Flashcards
How is hepatitis A spread?
- Faecal oral - faecally contiminated water
- Shellfish
What is the incubation period for hepatitis A?
2-6 weeks
What are non-viral infections which can cause hepatitis?
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Leptospira
- Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
What are viral causes of hepatitis?
- Hep A - E
- EBV
- CMV
- Yellow fever
What drugs can cause hepatitis?
- Paracetamol
- Alcohol
What are symptoms of hepatitis A?
- Fever
- Malaise
- Anorexia
- Nausea
- Athralgia
- Jaundice
What are signs of hepatitis A?
- Hepatomegaly
- Lymphadenopathy
Blood tests hep A
FBC - raised ESR, WCC
LFTs - bilirubin, aminotransferases (ALT and AST)
Immunoglobulins - riased HAV IgM
Management hep A
Rest and no alcohol
Prophylacis for travellers, pateints with CLD, IDY, haemophilliacs, occupational exposure, MSM
How is HBV spread?
- Blood products
- IVDU
- Sexual
- Direct contact
What groups are most at risk of HBV infection?
- IVDU and sexual partners
- Health workers
- Haemophiliacs
- MSM
- Haemodialysis/CKD
- Sexually promiscuous
- Foster carers
- Close family memebers of carrier
- Staff/residernts of institutions/prisons
- Babies of HBsAg +ve mothers
What is the incubation period HBV?
1-6 months
What are features of acute HBV infection?
- Anorexia
- Lethargy
- Nausea
- Fever
- Abdominal Discomfort
- Arthralgia
- Urticarial skin lesions
- Jaundice + Dark coloured urine
What is HBsAg, and what does its presence indicate?
Hepatitis B surface antigen - acute or chronic infection
What is HBeAg, and what does it indicate?
Pre-core antigen for HBV - Acute hepatitis B
What is Anti-HBs, and what does its presence indicate?
Antibodies against HB surface protein - immunity to HBV, previous epxosure or vaccination
What is Anti-HBe, and what does it’s presence indicate?
Antibodies against E-protein - Seroconversion
What is HBc-IgM, and what does its presence indicate?
IgM produced against HB core protein - indicates acute hepatitis B in high titres, and chornic hepatitis B with low titres
What is Anti-HBc IgG, and what does its presence indicate?
Past exposure to hepatitis B
What hepatitis virology and LFT results would indicate that someone has an acute HBV infection?
- Markedly increased LFT
- Positive HBsAg
- Positive HBeAg
- Positive Anti-HBc IgM
- Positive Anti-HBc IgG
- Anti-HBs negative
What hepatitis virology and LFT results would indicate that someone is a carrier of HBV?
- Raised LFTs
- Positive HBsAg
- Positive/Negative HBeAg
- Anti-HBe positive/negative
- Anti-HBc IgM positive/negative
- Anti-HBc IgG positive
What hepatitis virology and LFT results would indicate that someone has been vaccinated?
- Normal LFTs
- HBsAg negative
- Anti-HBc negative
- Anti-HBs positive
What viral component is looked at first before doing a full HBV screen?
HBsAg, or Anti-HBc IgM in acute infection
What does HBsAg presisting for > 6 months imply?
The person is a carrier
What proportion of those with hepatitis B fully recover following acute infection?
90-95%
What proportion of those with hepatitis B develop chornic hepatitis?
5-10%
What proportion of those with acute HBV infection develop fulminant hepatic necrosis?
1%
What are the different outcomes of chronic HBV infection?
- Asymptomatic chronic infection (carrier)
- Chronic active hepatits -> Cirrhosis/Primary liver cancer
What are features of chronic HBV infection?
- Fatigue, anorexia, depression
-
Signs of advanced disease
- Chronic liver disease - jaundice, hepatoma, cirrhosis
- Membranous glomerulonephritis
- Polyarteritis nodosa
What investigations would you do if you suspected HAV?
- LFTs - raised due to hepatocellular injury
- Anti-HAV IgM - acute
- Anti-HAV IgG - previously infected
How would you manage someone with confirmed acute hepatitis A?
- Conservative management
- Avoid alcohol
- Interferon alpha - if fulminant hepatitis
What are complications that can occur in heptatitis A?
- Cholestatic jaundice
- Relapsing hepatitis (may be more severe than first episode)
- Aplastic anaemia