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Micro/Immuno FINAL > Hepatitis Viruses > Flashcards

Hepatitis Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

what organ do hepatitis viruses target?

A

the liver

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2
Q

where do hepatitis viruses primarily infect and replicate?

A

hepatocytes

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3
Q

what causes the liver damage?

A

virus and host response

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4
Q

what kind of infections do hepatitis viruses cause?

A

acute or chronic

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5
Q

what is the virus family, genome and virion for Hep A?

A
  • picornaviridae
  • (+)ssRNA
  • non-enveloped
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6
Q

what is the virus family, genome and virion for Hep B?

A
  • hepadnaviridae
  • circular dsDNA
  • enveloped
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7
Q

what is the virus family, genome and virion for Hep C?

A
  • flaviviridae
  • (+)ssRNA
  • enveloped
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8
Q

what is the virus family, genome and virion for Hep delta?

A
  • deltaviridae
  • (-)ssRNA
  • enveloped
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9
Q

what is the virus family, genome and virion for Hep E?

A
  • calciviridae
  • (+)ssRNA
  • non-enveloped
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10
Q

**which hepatitis viruses are transmitted by fecal-oral method?

A

HAV, HEV

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11
Q

**which hepatitis viruses are transmitted by sexual method?

A

HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV

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12
Q

**which hepatitis viruses are transmitted horizontally?

A

HBV, HCV, HDV

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13
Q

** which hepatitis viruses are transmitted parenterally?

A

HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV

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14
Q

which to hepatitis viruses are rare in the US

A

HDv & HEV

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15
Q

which hepatitis virus is the most prevalent in the US?

A

hep B then hep A then hep C

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16
Q

**what kind of virus is hep B?

A
  • hepadnaviridae
  • genome: dsDNA, smallest genome of the human viruses
  • virion: enveloped
  • proteins:
    • reverse transcriptase: required to complete DNA
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17
Q

can hep B be grown in cell culture?

A

no

18
Q

describe hep B replication

A
  • genome has RNA intermediate
  • cccDNA is template for transcription
  • requires liver specific transcription factors
  • produces many empty particles (HNsAy); present in infected people

*RNA pregenome packaged into capsid–>reverse transcriptase and ccDNA formation –>progeny virus

19
Q

how does hep B spread?

A

sexual and drug use

20
Q

what is the hep B incubation period?

A

30-180 days LONGGG

21
Q

what is the symptom onset for hep B?

A
  • general malaise, anorexia, vomitting, fatigue, cough, serum-like sickness
  • jaundice, elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) levels
22
Q

what is the recovery like for hep B?

A

~3-4 months after onset of jaundice

23
Q

can chronic disease occur with hep B?

A

yes in about 5% of cases

presence of HBsAg in blood for >6mos confirms chronic infection; marked by poor IgG resposne

24
Q

what effect does hep B have on the liver?

A
  • causes cirrhosis
  • incr. risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
    • HBV X gene/protein has tumorigenic potential
    • liver will go through active regeneration so the more it does this the more chance for mutation –> cancer
25
Q

how is hep B prevented?

A
  • vaccination:
    • available, first recombinant vaccine approved for use in humans
    • requires multiple inoculations
    • not effective against chronic infection
26
Q

how is hep B control if chronic?

A
  • interferon-alpha therapy

- nucleoside analogs: adefovir, lamivudine, tenofovir

27
Q

**what kind of virus is hep D?

A
  • subviral agent:
    • rare in human viruses
    • only other example is adeno-associated virus (AAV) which requires adenovirus infection
  • requires active HBV infection***
  • RNA genome encodes a single protein
28
Q

what kind of virus is hep C?

A
  • flaviviridae
  • genome: (+)ssRNA
  • virion: enveloped
  • proteins:
    • E1&E2 attachment and entry
    • C: core
    • various non-structural
29
Q

where is the genome replicated?

A

cytoplasm

30
Q

T/F: in HCV, chronic infections are much more common (80%) than HBV and there are milder signs and symptoms

A

T

31
Q

HCV is an extrahepatic disease… what is meant by this?

A

-mixed cryoglobulinemia: antibody and virus complexes deposit in other tissues (eg. kidneys) eliciting an immune response and subsequent tissue damage

32
Q

is there a vaccine for HCV?

A

no, just interferon-alpha treatment to reduce chances for chronic infection

33
Q

how is hep A spread?

A

ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water

absorbed through intestine and moves to liver via portal system

34
Q

what is the incubation period for hep A?

A

15-40 days

35
Q

what are symptoms of hep A infection?

A
  • consistent with hepatitis infection: malaise, anorexia, vomiting, jaundice
  • more severe in adults than in children
  • resolves approx. 8 weeks post infection
36
Q

how is hep A prevented?

A

vaccine available- kill/inactivated vaccine

37
Q

what does hep E virus cause?

A

food-borne and waterborne hepatitis

38
Q

what disease is very similar to HAV?

A

HEV so must be distinguished by serology

39
Q

can HEV infection be life threatening?

A

yes for prego women

40
Q

is the prevention for HEV?

A

nope

Micro/Immuno FINAL (16 decks)

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