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Micro/Immuno FINAL > Childhood Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Childhood Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what type of virus is measles?

A
  • paramyxovirus
  • genome: (-)ssRNA
  • virion: enveloped
  • proteins:
    • L-pol
    • P (C&V) - phoophoprotein
    • H - hemagglutinin (attachment protein)
    • F - fusion (carries out receptor mediated endocytosis)
    • M -matrix
    • N - nucleocapsid
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2
Q

where does measle virus replication occur

A

inside the cell cytoplasm

nucleus not required for replication

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3
Q

what causes syncytia formation?

A

fusion protein on surface

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4
Q

what mode of exit does the measles virus use?

A

weakly lytic

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5
Q

how is measles infection spread/acquired?

A

inhalation of aerosolized droplets

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6
Q

what is the incubation period of measles

A

10-14 days: primary infection in respiratory epithelial tissues ->primary viremia

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7
Q

describe the symptom onset of measles

A

coincides with second round of virus replication

occurs in LN, tonsils, lungs, GI tract, and spleen –> secondary viremia

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8
Q

how long does it take to recover from measles?

A

20 days after infection

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9
Q

T/F: measles is the most deadly of the childhood rash/fever illnesses (CDC)

A

T

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10
Q

how long does it take after vaccination to develop immunity?

A

2 weeks

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11
Q

what causes the characteristic rash of measles disease?

A

virus & immune response damage to epithelial and endothelial cells = 2 part rash

called koplik spots

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12
Q

how does measles cause immune suppression?

A

interference with CD46 & signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptors

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13
Q

what are some opportunistic infections easy to get while infected with measles?

A

strep pneumoniae, staph aureus, heamophilus influenzae

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14
Q

**what can be caused by measles in children?

A
  • blindness with Vit a deficiency
  • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-rare 1:1000 children, demyelinating disease
  • Subacute sclerosing panecephalitis (SSPE)-very rare 1:1000000 children, 7-10 yrs after infection, progressive neurological deterioration
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15
Q

what are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • 2-3 days fever + cough, coryza & conjunctivitis

- rash: koplik spots “small bright red spots with bluish centers on buccal mucosa…pathognomonic for measles”

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16
Q

how are measles ID’ed in the lab?

A
  • virus isolation in culture (difficult)
  • serology
  • ELISA, RT-PCR
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17
Q

**how is measles prevented?

A
  • one of the most contagious diseases known: one illness can cause 15-20 more
  • people infectious 2-3 days prior to rash
  • humans are only host
  • vaccination: primary option, lifelong immunity, live attenuated, safe (autism and colitis correlation retracted)
  • providing Vit A can reduce severity
  • no antivirals

**1962-1965 vaccination came about, before that 400-500000 cases a yr

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18
Q

T/F: measles was declared eliminated from the US in 2000 but remains common in other countries

A

T

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19
Q

what type of virus is respiratory syncytial virus?

A
  • paramyxovirus
  • genome: (-)ssRNA
  • virion: enveloped
  • proteins:
    • L - pol
    • G - glycoprotein
    • F - fusion
    • M - matrix
    • P - phosphoprotein
    • N - nucleocapsid
    • NS1&NS2- replication & immune response
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20
Q

what does the resp. syncytial virus nucleocapsid contain?

A

genomic RNA, N protein, P protein, M2-1 protein, L protein

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21
Q

where does resp. syncytial virus replicate?

A

in the cell, similar steps as for measle virus

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22
Q

where dose resp. syncytial virus infect?

A

ciliated cells in the respiratory tract epithelium

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23
Q

what protein in resp. syncytial virus creates syncytia?

A

fusion proteins

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24
Q

how does the virus exit the host?

A

buds from cellular surface

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25
Q

T/F: resp. syncytial virus is “the most important viral agent of serious pediatric respiratory tract infections”

A

T

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26
Q

**how is resp. syncytial virus acquired?

A

inhalation of aerosol, fomites

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27
Q

where is resp. syncytial virus replication limited to?

A

respiratory tract

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28
Q

what is the incubation period for resp. syncytial virus?

A

4-5 days

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29
Q

when do symptoms appear for resp. syncytial virus?

A

lower respiratory tract symptoms 1-3 days after upper respiratory tract symptoms

30
Q

when does the recover occur for resp. syncytial virus?

A

7-12 days after symptom onset

31
Q

**what is the reservoir for resp. syncytial virus?

A

virus that infects humans does not infect other animals aka no animal reservoir

32
Q

does infection with resp. syncytial virus yield life long immunity?

A

no, infants have an immature immune sys

infection limited to respiratory tract epithelial cells where IgA response is short lived

low cytotoxicity thought to result in slower immune response

33
Q

what are the risk factors for infection with resp. syncytial virus?

A
  • attending day care

- school age siblings

34
Q

what is the risk for more severe disease with resp. syncytial virus?

A

-premature birth, male, second hand exposure to tobacco smoke, lack of breast feeding (no Ig’s transferred)

35
Q

how is resp. syncytial virus prevented?

A

-no antivirals
-no vaccine
*vaccines in development
*formalin inactivated vaccine not successful
*challenge to immunize infants who are at greatest risk
-passive immunoprophylaxis
*Palivizumab-humanized monocolonal antibody
~targets F protein
~Given IM once a month

36
Q

what type of virus is varicella zoster virus?

A
  • alphaherpesvirus
  • genome: dsDNA, large
  • virion: enveloped
  • proteins: encodes hundreds of proteins
37
Q

where does varicella zoster virus replicate?

A
  • in the cell:
  • active cell for replication
  • resting cell (eg neuron)->latent infection (circular genome)
  • infects neighboring cells first
38
Q

how does varicella zoster virus replicate?

A
  • releases genetic material into nuclear envelope -> transc-> translation
  • virus requires replicating cells done by encoding proteins
  • can establish latent infection
39
Q

how is VZV infection acquired?

A

inhalation of aerosolized droplets

40
Q

what is the incubation period for VZV?

A

10-21 days

41
Q

what are the symptoms for VZV?

A
  • fever, malaise, headache
  • rash 1-2 days after symptom onset
  • rash progress for 3-6 days
  • rash on scalp, face, trunk primarily
42
Q

when does recovery begin for VZV?

A

by 2 weeks post symptom onset: cell mediated immunity most important

43
Q

what is the latent infection caused by VZV?

A

shingles which is not to be confused with small pox

small pox more on face and extremities
shingles more on trunk

44
Q

how can chickenpox be prevented?

A
  • vaccination
    • primary option
    • life long immunity
    • live attenuated vaccine
  • antivirals
    • acyclovir: interferes with genome replication, cannot eliminate latent virus, does not prevent infection of cells, drug resistance is being observed
45
Q

what type of virus is poliovirus?

A
  • picornavirus
  • genome: (+)ssRNA
  • virion: non-enveloped
  • proteins
    • capsid - VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4
    • non-structural proteases, polymerase, others

** + stranded RNA doesn’t need to be retranscribed inside host so no polymerase needed to start it

46
Q

where does poliovirus replication occur?

A

replication in cell, no nucleus needed

47
Q

how does polio virus replicate?

A
  • virus particle creates pore in cell membrane
  • genome serves as mRNA
  • (+) stranded so no nucleus needed, proteins shut of transcription in nucleus so it stops its own cell upkeep
48
Q

how is poliovirus infection spread?

A

ingestion of material containing virus

as few as 100TCID50

49
Q

where is poliovirus primary replication in the human body?

A

peyer’s patches of small intestine

minor viremia

50
Q

what does poliovirus secondary replication cause

A

major viremia

51
Q

T/F: fecal shedding of poliovirus is for 6 weeks

A

T

52
Q

does poliovirus have CNS involvement?

A

yes in 1:200 infections

virulence factors: physical exertion, trauma, tonsillectomy

53
Q

where in the CNS does poliovirus replication?

A

grey matter of brain and spinal cord

54
Q

if poliovirus reaches the CNS what does it cause clinically?

A
  • limb paralysis from anterior horn cell damage

- respiratory paralysis from damage to medulla oblongata

55
Q

**how is poliovirus prevented?

A

-vaccination:
*two effective vaccines available
~salk-killed, used in US
~sabin-live attenuated

56
Q

**what is the reservoir for poliovirus?

A

humans, no animal reservoir

57
Q

what blocks poliovirus from binding in the intestines?

A

IgA

58
Q

**what type of virus is rotavirus?

A
  • reoviridae
  • genome: dsRNA, 11 segments
  • virion: non-enveloped
  • proteins
    • VP1-pol
    • VP2-RNA binding
    • VP3-transferase
    • VP4-attachment & fusion
    • other structural and non-structural proteins
59
Q

describe the two coats of rotavirus

A

outer coat: environmental protection, can be digested off pretty quickly

core coat: generates mRNA transcripts

60
Q

where is rotavirus replication?

A

in cell cytoplasm

61
Q

how does rotavirus replicate?

A
  • membrane disruption (tight junctions, microvilli, microfilament network)
  • genome never exposed
  • cellular response of innate immunity
  • mRNA extruded out of turrets on struc
  • no nucleus needed for replication
  • evokes intestinal secretion (enterotoxin, enteric nervous system by incr. Ca2+ secretion which triggers evacuation of bowels)
62
Q

how is rotavirus spread?

A

infection by ingestion of material containing the virus

63
Q

what is the incubation period of rotavirus?

A

2 days- vomiting & fever

64
Q

when does diarrhea occur from rotavirus?

A

2-3 days after vomitting, 3-8 days in duration

65
Q

T/F: there is rotavirus virus shedding for weeks before symptom onset and days after recovery

A

T

66
Q

how is rotavirus diagnosed?

A

by antigens in stool

67
Q

how is rotavirus prevented?

A
  • infant vaccines available
  • no antivirals
  • hygiene:hand washing
  • treatment: oral rehydration
68
Q

what kind of virus is mumps?

A

paramyxovirus

69
Q

what kind of virus is german measles?

A

togaviruses, virus is rubella

70
Q

what kind of virus is 5th disease?

A

parovirus

71
Q

what kind of virus is roseola?

A

betaherpesvirus

Micro/Immuno FINAL (16 decks)

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