Antivirals & Vaccines

Question 1

antivirals block specific _____ in the virus life cycle

Answer 1

steps

Question 2

antivirals must be active against virus __________, but not normal cellular function to reduce ________

Answer 2

replications, toxicity

Question 3

antivirals exploit ___________, _________ and _________ info to identify targets

Answer 3

structural, functional, genomic

Question 4

virus resistance to antiviral drugs is common and requires continued __________ efforts

Answer 4

development

Question 5

how does enfuvirtide work against HIV?

Answer 5

blocks refolding of gp41, inhibits membrane fusion by preventing conformational change

Question 6

how do amantadine and rimantadine work against influenza?

Answer 6

blocks influenza ion channel (M2) preventing nucleocapsid release at the end of the cell entry process

Question 7

how does acylovir treat herpesvirus infections?

Answer 7

• most effective against HSV-1/2 and less for EBV and CMV

- nucleoside analog: eliminates 5-C ring that allows DNA chain growth so further replication falls apart

Question 8

what is ganciclovir effective against?

Answer 8

CMV but more toxic than acyclovir due to interference with cellular kinases

Question 9

what is valganciclovir effective against?

Answer 9

activity similar to acyclovir, improved oral bioavailability

Question 10

what is foscarnet effective against?

Answer 10

herpesvirus treatment: prevents viral pol activity, IV administration, toxic

Question 11

what do the nucleoside inhibitors of HIV & HBV have in common?

Answer 11

• elimination of -OH group so early DNA chain can’t elongate

- toxicity is an issue

Question 12

what kind of drug is ribavirin?

Answer 12

• nucleoside inhibitor of RNA viruses
• triphosphate form inhibits pols
• monophosphate form inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase lowering GTP in cell
• impairs capping of mRNA

Question 13

what does the maturation of progeny viruses often require?

Answer 13

cleavage of virus polypeptide

Question 14

what are some antiviral challenges?

Answer 14

• bioavailability: absorption to body, transport to site of infection, intake by cell, therapeutic window
• specificity: targets the virus activities exclusively or with great preference
• toxicity: low impact on patient

Question 15

where can antivirals affect the viral replication?

Answer 15

• attachment and entry
• penetration
• uncoating
• early protein synthesis
• nucleic acid synthesis
• late protein synthesis and processing
• packaging and assembly
• viral release

Question 16

interferons are natural antivirals… what type of viruses are they effective against?

Answer 16

more effective against RNA viruses than DNA

Question 17

what is active immunization?

Answer 17

administering all or part of pathogenic agent to induce antibodies or cell-mediated immunity

Question 18

what is passive immunization?

Answer 18

administration of exogenously produced antibodies

Question 19

what are the 2 forms of vaccines?

Answer 19

live, attenuated and killed

Question 20

reversion is possible with what type of vaccination?

Answer 20

live attenuated vaccines

Question 21

what are the 3 important immune cell types in vaccination?

Answer 21

B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4 T cells

Question 22

what are vaccines called the only utilize C cells??

Answer 22

pneuomoncoccal HIB (unless conjugated to other antigens)

Question 23

what vaccines utilize B cell and T cell immunity including secretory IgA?

Answer 23

influenza, polio, oral typhoid

Question 24

what are the typical age groups for vaccines?

Answer 24

young children and the elderly and special populations (immunocompromised individuals)