Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med/Serg > Hepatitis/Cirrhosis > Flashcards

Hepatitis/Cirrhosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is viral hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver?

A
  • inflammation of the liver due to viral infection
  • Hep. A,B,C,D,E,G are all viral
  • Hep. A, B, C common in canada
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the lobules?

A

functional unit of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the liver do?

A
  • filters circulating blood
  • removes toxins
  • aids in digestion
  • regulates sugar
  • makes and stores proteins/vitamins/fats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prevention of hepatitis?

A
  • Vaccinations
  • No sharing of personal hygiene products
  • Safe sex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors for viral hepatitis?

A

Culture and ethnicity
-first nation groups have 5.5 times higher rate of hep. C infection

Gender
-hep. c infection rate 2x higher in young men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Modifiable risk factors for viral hepatitis?

A
  • Prison inmates at higher risk of Hepatitis C infection

- Injection drug users have higher rates of hepatitis C infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pathophysiology of viral liver disease?

A
  • inflammation of liver tissue
  • During acute infection, liver damage is mediated by natural killer cells that cause lysis of infected hepatocytes resulting in cell death
  • Liver cells normally regenerate through cellular replication and resume normal function
  • Cellular replication may not be possible if liver cell loss is massive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Manifestations of acute hepatitis? + who is at risk?

A

-pain in upper right quadrant of abdomen
-nausea & vomiting
-loss of appetite
-jaundice
-fatigue
-itching
(usually no symptoms in acute phase. Lasts from 1-4 months)

At Risk:

  • ppl who share needles
  • healthcare workers exposed to infected blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Manifestations of chronic hepatitis?

A
  • Malaise
  • Easy fatigability
  • Myalgia (muscle pain)
  • Arthralgia (joint pain)
  • Hepatomegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diagnostic Studies for viral hepatitis?

A
  • Viral serology (can screen for current/past infection)
  • Serum liver enzymes (ALP & AST will be elevated when liver damage is present)
  • Liver function tests (LFT’s)
  • bilirubin function test; will not be excreted if liver is damaged
  • liver albumin will also be decreased
  • prothrombin time and INR test. when elevated, it marks an injured liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hep A transmission through?

A

fecal-oral route. Mainly by ingesting food/liquid with the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prevention precautions for hep. A

A
  • vaccine

- hand washing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hep B transmission through? + Most common in?

A
  • Transmission by blood and body fluids, nail clippers, sharing of personal hygiene products, body piercings, tattoos
  • Immigrants

Highly infectious and can live outside the human body for up to 7 days

doesn’t always go away and can lead to chronic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment of chronic hep. B? + Goals of drug therapy?

A
  • interferons
  • oral antiviral agents

Goals:
-Decrease viral load decrease liver enzyme levels (interferon)

-Decrease the rate of disease progression (antiviral agent)
Not a cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transmission of Hep. C?

A

-blood and body fluids

likely to cause liver damage
common in individuals between 15-34

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment of chronic Hep. C?

A
  • Can be cured with drug treatment
  • Combination of interferon and Ribavirin
  • Protease Inhibitors may be added to treatment
  • Patients with fibrosis and cirrhosis can be treated with the drugs as long as the cirrhosis is compensated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prevention for Hep. B + C?

A
  • not sharing personal hygiene products

- safe sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interventions during acute viral infection?

A
  • Increase intake of food
  • Increase rest/Improve activity tolerance
  • Improve/Facilitate management of prescribed therapeutic regime
19
Q

What are non-viral liver diseases?

A
  • non-alcoholic liver disease

- alcoholic liver disease

20
Q

lifestyle modifications for non-viral liver disease?

A
  • weight loss

- regular exercise

21
Q

What is cirrhosis of the liver?

A
  • End stage of chronic liver disease.

- Most of functional liver tissue has been replaced by fibrous/scar tissue.

22
Q

Three categories of cirrhosis?

A
  • Hepatocellular (infection/CA of liver)
  • Metabolic liver disease (NAFLD)
  • Cholestatic disease (impairment of bile flow)
23
Q

Etiology of cirrhosis?

A

Any chronic liver disease can cause cirrhosis

  • chronic viral hepatitis (B/C)
  • non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
  • alcoholic liver disease
24
Q

pathophysiology of cirrhosis?

A

liver cell injury -> scar tissue formation -> cirrhosis

25
Q

Clinical manifestations of compensated cirrhosis?

A
  • Often no specific physical symptoms
  • Abdominal pain
  • Fatigue
  • Slight weight loss
  • Enlargement of the liver and spleen
  • Intermittent fever
  • Redden palmer
  • Unexplained epistaxsis
  • Edema
26
Q

Clinical manifestations of decompensated cirrhosis?

A

dark urine

  • light stool
  • GI symptoms (N&V)
  • anorexia
  • jaundice
27
Q

Complications of cirrhosis?

A
  • Portal HTN (liver shrinks and is less vascular and blood pools in portal vein)
  • Esophageal & gastric varices (abnormal large veins in lower part of esophagus which can rupture and cause the pt to bleed to death)
  • Peripheral edema (decreased colloidal osmotic pressure)
  • Ascites (accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity)
28
Q

Digestive disturbances of cirrhosis?

A
  • lower/upper GI bleed
  • Diverticulosis
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Gallbladder disease
  • Pancreatitis/Pancreatic CA
  • Abdo pain
  • Malnutrition
29
Q

Complications of cirrhosis?

A
  • Hepatic Encephalopathy

- Hepatorenal Syndrome

30
Q

Hepatic Encephalopathy?

A
  • Neuropsychiatric manifestation of liver disease
  • Lethargy to deep coma
  • Results from ammonia entering the systemic circulation without detoxification by the liver.
31
Q

Hepatorenal syndrome?

A
  • Serious complication of cirrhosis
  • Characterized by functional kidney failure
  • No structural abnormality of the kidney
  • Can be reversed with liver transplantation
32
Q

Later manifestations of cirrhosis?

A
  • spider nevi (neck,shoulder,cheek)
  • palmar erythema (due to increase of circulating estrogen)
  • Epitstaxis
  • Purpura and Petechiae
33
Q

Diagnostic studies for cirrhosis?

A

Blood Tests

  • liver function studies
  • liver enzyme measurements

Liver ultrasound/ CT Scan/ MRI/ radioisotope liver scan
Liver Biopsy

34
Q

Goals of collaborative care for cirrhosis?

A
  • Rest
  • Management of ascites
  • Prevention of bleeding from varices
  • Reduction of ammonia formation
35
Q

Increase rest by?

A

-generate schedule with periods of rest and activity
-administer pain meds
-group nursing interventions together to decrease stimuli
assistance with ADL’S

36
Q

Improve nutrition intake by?

A
  • small frequent meals, high calories
  • no protein restriction
  • fat restriction
  • manage N&V
  • low sodium
  • oral hygiene
  • pleasant environment for meal
37
Q

Maintain skin integrity by?

A
  • avoid use of soap/alcohol based lotion to not dry out skin
  • keep fingernails short
  • avoid use of harsh detergents
  • restrict Na to lessen edema
  • T&P, promote movement
  • air pressure bed
38
Q

Decrease risk of injury by?

A
  • side rails up, safe environment, call bell in reach
  • clutter free room
  • restraints, PRN
  • morse fall scale
  • soft diet

cold fluid can stop small amounts of bleeding

observe color of stool

antitussive for pt’s with cough

39
Q

Facilitate chest expansion/pulmonary ventilation by?

A
  • elevate HOB
  • deep breathing
  • change position
40
Q

Decrease fluid volume excess by?

A
  • restrict Na
  • monitor I&O
  • weigh Qd
  • track abdominal girth
  • administer diuretics
  • paracentesis
41
Q

Nursing care for cirrhosis goals?

A
  • Facilitate role performance
  • Improve body image
  • Decrease pain and discomfort
  • Decrease risk of infection
  • Maintain/improve orientation
42
Q

Preventing Liver Disease?

A
  • limit alcohol consumption
  • check home for toxic products to liver (aerosol)
  • caution when travelling
  • caution when using medications which can cause hepatoxicity
  • safe sex
  • maintain nutrition & exercise (maintain good wt)
  • pamper body (limit piercings/tattoos)
43
Q

Incubation period for hep. A,B,C

A
  • A: 28 days
  • B: 120 days
  • C: 45 days

Med/Serg (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions