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physical diagnosis > HENT > Flashcards

HENT Flashcards

1
Q

What to examine in HENT exam?

A 
hair
scalp
skull
face
skin
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2
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

redness
pain
swelling
heat

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3
Q

What is the difference primary/secondary headache?

A
  • primary: without identified underlying disease (more likely benign)
  • secondary: due to underlying disease such as bleed in brain (could be more lethal)
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4
Q

What are possible associated symptoms with headache?

A 
fever
vertigo
visual changes
neurological changes
neck pain
n/v
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5
Q

What are the terms to describe normal head exam?

A

normocephalic
atraumatic head
hair with normal texture and distribution

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6
Q

What is hematoma?

A
  • ecchymosis/edema (collection of blood)
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7
Q

What to palpate on face for exam?

A 
temporal arteries
TMJ
frontal and maxillary sinuses
parotid gland
sensation
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8
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Enlarged and elongated jaw and head

due to too much growth hormones

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9
Q

What is cranial nerve 7 palsy and how to differentiate it from stroke?

A
  • bell’s palsy
  • asymmetric face with facial droop and one side of forehead wrinkled
  • stroke: facial droop but all of forehead involved (wrinkled)
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10
Q

How to identify down’s syndrome?

A

almond faced eyes
small ears
flat and round face

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11
Q

How to identify mumps?

A
  • facial salivary glands swelling (neck, cheeks) due to viral infection
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12
Q

how to identify cushing’s syndrome?

A 
moon facies (round) in adults
erythema
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13
Q

how to identify myxedema?

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • hair loss
  • swelling around eyes
  • facial edema
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14
Q

What is mask facies?

A
  • no movement in facial expression
  • scleroderma (harding of skin)
  • parkinson
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15
Q

What structure make up the external ear?

A 
auricle
helix
antihelix
tragus
lobule
mastoid process
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16
Q

What structures make up middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane
mellus
incus
stapes

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17
Q

What structures make up inner ear?

A 
semicircular canals
cochlea
vestibular nerve 
cochlea nerve
eustachian tube
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18
Q

What to observe on tympanic membrane?

A
  • tympanic membrane should be translucent, mobile
  • malleus process (right top)
  • cone light (bottom of malleus)
  • incus
  • pars flaccida
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19
Q

What are the types of hearing loss?

A

conductive
sensorineural
mixed

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20
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A
  • loss results from problems in external or middle ear (due to earwax, perforation of TM, fluid, infection)
21
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A
  • loss results from problems in inner ear, cochlear nerve or brain (age-related)
22
Q

What is mixed hearing loss?

A
  • both conductive and sensorineural hearing
23
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

ringing in the ear

24
Q

Whats the difference between dizziness and vertigo?

A
  • dizziness: lightheadedness

- vertigo: spinning

25
Q

What is cranial nerve 1?

A

-olfactory nerve

26
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

infection of ear canal

27
Q

What is pneumoscopy?

A
  • air puff test on TM

- performed to evaluate the mobility of TM

28
Q

What conduction is greater in normal ear? air or bone?

A

air conduction is greater (2x) than bone conduction

29
Q

What is the rinne test?

A
  • Put the tuning fork on mastoid process
  • good test for conductive hearing loss
  • not a good test for sensory hearing loss
  • AC BC
30
Q

What is webber’s test?

A
  • put tuning fork on top of the head
  • vibration should lateralize to both ears equally
  • Vibration lateralize to bad ear (conductive)
  • Vibration lateralize to good ear (sensorineural)
31
Q

What are the 4 sinuses?

A

Frontal
ethmoid (can’t examine, deep structure)
maxillary
sphenoid (can’t examine)

32
Q

What is nasal patency test?

A

close one nostril, and sniff in

33
Q

What turbinate would you see in nose exam?

A
  • inferior turbinate and middle turbinate
34
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

nose bleed

35
Q

How to differentiate between viral and allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the nose)?

A

Viral: red and swollen turbinates
Allergic: pale, bluish, boggy turbinates

36
Q

what do tonsils sit behind?

A

pillar sandwich

  • anterior pillar
  • tonsils
  • posterior pillar
37
Q

What are the mouth salivary glands?

A

parotid (stenson’s ducts found here)
submandibular (wharton’s duct)
sublingual

38
Q

What cranial nerves are responsible for gag reflex and tongue position in midline?

A
  • IX and X for gag reflex

- XII for tongue

39
Q

How to grade tonsil?

A

0= tonsils absent

1 - 4 (4 being both tonsils touching each other)

40
Q

What makes up the neck?

A 
hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
trachea
clavicle
thyroid organ 
SCM muscle
41
Q

What makes up the anterior triangle?

A

SCM, mandible, midline of neck

42
Q

What makes up the posterior triangle?

A

trapezius muscle
SCM muscle
clavicle

43
Q

What do palpate for in neck?

A 
lymph nodes
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
thyroid gland
isthmus (connects two thyroid lobes, between 2 and 4th tracheal ring)
44
Q

What does enlarged vs tender lymph nodes mean?

A

enlarged/hard = chronic condition, malignancy/cancer
tender = infection
shotty: in normal conditions (pebble like bumps)

45
Q

What are the lymph nodes?

A
  1. pre-auricular
  2. posterior auricular
  3. occipital
  4. tonsillar
  5. submandibular
  6. submental
  7. superficial cervical
  8. posterior cervical
  9. deep chain cervical
  10. supraclavicular (indicates lung/abdominal cancer)
46
Q

What is bruit sound?

A

abnormal whooshing sound over carotid

47
Q

What are the signs of hypothyroidism?

A
  • cold intolerance, wt gain, dry skin, slow HR, course hair
48
Q

What are the signs of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • exophthalmos (bulging of eyes) heat intolerance, wt loss, moist velvety skin, fine hair
49
Q

What nerve test shoulder shrug and neck turn against resistance?

A

cranial nerve 11

physical diagnosis (7 decks)

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