Henry VIII's reign Flashcards
Who were Empson and Dudley?
Henry VII most hated tax enforcers in charge of collecting it from the nobles. Henry VIII had them killed immediately after becoming King in 1510
Thomas Wolsey’s roles?
Archbishop of York, appointed Chancellor in 1514 and Cardinal in 1515. Son of a butcher, came from poorer background
What was the Holy Roman League from 1511-12?
Set up by Louis XII to prevent French domination in Italy. Included Spain, Venice, H.R.E, England and Switzerland. France was driven out of Milan by May 1512
How did the first attack on France go for Henry?
Spain used as distraction to invade. Recalled back to England within few months because of dysentery. Ferdinand signed Treaty of Noyon with France
Second war attempt with France?
Henry had an army of 30,000 men, organized by Wolsey. Had the Battle of Spurs, not enough of a heroic win for Henry
When was Battle Of Flodden and what happened?
Scottish crossed the English border in 1513, Henry abroad in France, Catherine Of Aragon raised an army and led by Thomas Howard. 10,000 Scots dead and King James IV. Henry’s sister Margaret left in charge as regent
What was the Treaty of St-Germaine-en-Laye in 1514
Wolsey organized. Ferdinand and Maximilian made peace, putting pressure on H8. Married Mary (younger sister) to King Louis XII in Oct 1514
What does Francis I do about Scotland?
Supports Albany as regent in 1517 instead of Margaret. Henry loses power of Scotland through his sister
Treaty of Cambrai of 1517?
Involving Spain, H.R.E, France and Papacy. Isolated England from foreign policy
Treaty of London 1518?
Organized by Wolsey. Between France, Spain, Netherlands, Burgundy and Papacy. Peace treaty, but war if anyone broke terms, lasted 6 months as Denmark invaded Sweden with Pope’s approval
How did Wolsey become Papal Legate?
The Pope wanted help fighting against the rising Ottoman Empire, Wolsey took opportunity and blackmailed Pope into giving him title in return for help`
What happened at the Field Of The Cloth Of Gold
In 1520, H8 had 5000 men there and Francis had 3000, achieved nothing significant just increased relationship, arranged by Wolsey
When did Henry become King?
1509
The Duke of Buckingham?
Disliked Wolsey very publicly. Wolsey told Henry that the Duke was saying he had more claim to the throne. Henry executed him for treason
What were Henry’s leisure activities?
Sport and hunting with the nobility, specifically jousting
What were the JPs
The Justices of Peace that were used as a police system for smaller areas. Henry relied on them a lot
Financial changes at start of Henry’s reign?
He spent £300,000 on the war with France. Bonds were cancelled in order to get the nobles on his side
Foreign marriages?
Catherine of Aragon to Henry - improved Spanish relations. Princess Mary to King Louis XII of France
What victory did Henry really want?
He wanted an Agincourt style victory that Henry V won against the odds. It will show to people he is a warrior King
Act of Stop Peter’s Pence
Passed in 1534, abolished payment of taxation going to Rome
Act of Submission of the Clergy
Passed in 1534, appeals were now handled by the King instead of the clergy
Act Of Succession?
Passed in 1534, registered Henry and Catherine’s marriage as invalid
What was the ‘Great Matter’?
Henry’s attempt to get a divorce from Rome, began in 1527
Act of Fruits and Tenths?
Clerical taxes went to the King instead of the Pope
Who was Anne Askew?
A writer that Henry condemned a heretic. Burned alive for denying transubstantiation
What is Transubstantiation?
Catholic belief that the bread and the wine actually become the body and the blood of Christ
Who is Cardinal Campeggio?
A judge sent to hear the King’s Great Matter. Tasked with stalling the trail in hope it would blow over. Couldn’t make a decision so he referred the case back to the Pope
What did Carthusian and Franciscan monks believe?
Refuse to accept the divorce and wanted papal supremacy. Gathered up and crushed between two sheets of lead. Became martyrs
Catherine Howard?
Henry’s fifth wife, executed for adultery. Anne Boleyn’s cousin
Catherine Parr?
Henry’s sixth wife who had no children and outlived him. Acted more as a carer
What did William Tyndall do?
He translated the Bible into English for the Protestants
When and what was the Treaty of Bruges?
1521 - Between Charles V and H8, agreed to defend each other if fighting France. Kept it a secret so England could still receive French pension
What did the Treaty of Bruges lead to?
The second war with France, England lost £400,000
When was the first French war and what were the results?
1513 - England gained French land but it cost to much to maintain, made Scotland and France renew Auld Alliance
When was Mary I born?
1516
Why didn’t Wolsey like the ‘Young Favourites’
They’re a group of Henry’s closest friends, including Charles Brandon, influenced Henry when Wolsey wasn’t there, he solved this by hiring spies
How often did Wolsey see Henry
Only weekly, sent letter but they could be intercepted, not the most secure method of communication
What were some of the things the clergy were accused of?
Pluralism (multiple religious jobs at once), sexual misconduct, absenteeism and nepotism
What is indulgence?
The rich paying the church to forgive them for their sins so they don’t go to hell
When and what was the Treaty of the More?
1525 - Agreement between France and England, France would pay £20,000 annual pension in return for Henry to give up his claim to French throne
Why was Wolsey hired by Henry?
Skilful and intelligent with an Oxford degree at age 15, lots of other clergymen dropped out, religious experience as a Chaplain
Why did the Nobles dislike Wolsey?
He was the son of a butcher and he had more power than most Nobles, also in charge of taxes
When and what was the Amicable Grant?
1525 - imposed tax increase by Wolsey to fund wars for England
Why did Henry want an annulment with Catherine?
He was desperate for a male hero and Catherine failed and became to old to have children, he was also in love with Anne Boleyn
On what grounds did Henry believe he could claim an annulment?
He claimed that his marriage was never valid because Catherine was married to his brother
What scripture did Henry use to convince the Pope to grant an annulment?
Leviticus 20:21
What did the Pope do to Henry?
Excommunicated him
Act of Supremacy?
1534 - Made Henry supreme head of the Church of England
What was the religion of England after the ‘Great Matter’
National Catholicism
When did Anne Boleyn and Henry get married?
1533
What were the main reasons for Wolsey’s downfall?
failure to obtain an annulment for Henry, Anne Boleyn and foreign policy failures
What happened to Wolsey in 1529?
He was dismissed from Lord Chancellorship, surrendered his possessions to Henry
When was Wolsey arrested?
1530, charged with treason and died of the way to execution
The Pilgrimage of Grace?
1536-37 Major religious rebellion with 40,000 people led by Richard Aske, wanted Mary I to be made legitimate and wanted to prevent dissolution of the monasteries
When were the monasteries dissolved?
Dissolved by Thomas Cromwell in 1536 for the smaller ones and the larger ones dissolved in 1539
Financial benefits to dissolution of the monasteries?
Crown income doubled
Who was Thomas More?
Refused to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England, refused to take oath
Why was Anne Boleyn executed?
Failed to provide male heir, only Elizabeth. Accused of adultery and incest with her brother
Who’s marriage caused the downfall of Cromwell?
The embarrassment with the marriage of Anne of Cleaves and Henry
Key reformers?
Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, Edward Seymour, John Dudley
When was Cromwell executed?
1540
What were Cromwell’s crimes?
Pardoning traitors, accepting bribes, making plans without royal approval
Foreign aims in the later years of his reign?
Military glory, trading and marriage alliances
Why did Henry go to war with Scotland in 1540s?
They harboured rebels during pilgrimage of Grace, Auld Alliance in action
What happened during the Scottish wars?
James V dies leaving his daughter Mary Queen of Scots the ruler of Scotland, marriage proposal between Edward and Mary
When were the 3rd French wars?
1543, Henry wanted military glory, England captured Boulogne, Charles V withdrew from conflict. Cost Henry £2 million
How did Henry try to solve money problems?
Debasement of the coin, caused inflation. Raised taxes which made him very unpopular
How Protestant was England in 1547?
English Bible around the country, no holy days, Cromwell influenced this
How Catholic was England in 1547?
All 7 sacraments still recognised, clergymen still couldn’t marry, transubstantiation
