Henry VIII's Dilemma Flashcards
Who was the only child that Henry VIII had with Catherine of Aragon? Why was this an issue?
Mary - the Wars of the Roses were still a recent memory and there was no precedent for a female queen. This could be the end of the Tudor dynasty.
Who enters the picture at this point? What was going on with her sister? What does this women say to Henry VIII?
Anne Boleyn. Henry had already had a relationship with her sister, Mary. She says that she will only sleep with him if he marries her and makes her queen.
What are the three reasons to get an annulment?
- False pretenses
- not consummated
- If one person was already married to someone else
Henry was having “pangs of conscience.” What were they about?
He was questioning whether it was ok that he married his brother’s widow. Perhaps God was punishing him for this.
What does Leviticus say about marrying your brother’s wife? What is the missing piece of context?
Its an “unclean thing” and “they shall be childless.” In this passage, it is implied that the brother is still alive!
What does Deuteronomy say about marrying your brother’s wife? What is the key piece of context?
“perform the duty of the husband’s brother” and “successful children”
Brother is dead in this context.
Who issues the dispensation for Catherine and Henry VIII’s marriage? Why was a dispensation necessary?
Pope Julius II, since Catherine and Arthur had a sexual relationship (maybe), it was considered incestuous for Henry to marry her - they therefore needed a dispensation
By the late 1520s, the pope was being held by Charles V. Why was this important?
Henry needed Charles V’s permission to get an annulment.
What did Henry say in his book? What title did the Pope give him because of this?
rejected Lutheranism, “Defender of the Faith.”
Who leads the papal hearings in London for Henry VIII’s annulment? Why?
Campeggio, he was really old and slow, and the pope was trying to delay the progress of the hearings because he knew Henry VIII would be mad about the outcome
What happens in 1529 with the hearings?
Campeggio calls a three-month recess.
Who gets fired because of the failure of the hearings?
Wolsey
Why was Thomas Cranmer a controversial figure? Why does the Pope approve him as Archbishop of Canterbury?
Lutheran
Pope was trying to be nice to Henry VIII since he wasn’t going to get his annulment.
Who was Thomas Cromwell? What did he suggest to Henry VIII?
He was a commoner, but a prominent political figure. He suggested to Henry VIII that an English court could get him an annulment.
Cromwell asked two groups about the annulment. Who were they and what did they say?
- The theologians at the Sorbonne - they agreed that an annulment was warranted
- Luther - disagreed
What happened with the convocation of clergy?
They were persuaded to recognize that Henry VIII was head of the church in England, not the Pope
What old law did Cromwell want to enforce? What did it state?
Statute of Praemunire - it is treason to appeal to any outside authority (like the pope)
What was the name of the Parliament that served from 1529-1536?
The Reformation Parliament
List the laws and years they were passed by the Reformation Parliament.
1532: Statute of Annates - got rid of a papal tax
1533: Act in Restraint of Appeals - restatement of Praemunire
1534: Act of Succession - marriage with Catherine never took place, Mary is therefore illegitimate and the children of Anne would inherit the throne
1534: Act of Supremacy - Henry VIII was head of the Church in England
What is important overall about these laws?
Sets a precedent of Parliament legislating on religion
By the 1530s, what was the Crown lacking?
Money!
Who owned 1/3 of the land in England?
The Church
What purpose did the monasteries, chantries, and convents serve? Why did this not matter anymore?
They were there so that there were people praying for the dead to get into heaven. In Lutheran theology, this was useless.
What was the Valor Ecclesiasticus?
Evaluation of the Church - investigate monasteries and find reasons to close them
What happened in 1536 and later in 1539?
Monasteries were confiscated and sold off
Why is the sale of monastic lands important down the road?
The people who got new land now had a vested interest in anti-Catholicism. If they returned to Catholicism, they would lose their land.
