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Henry VIII Government Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of a king?

A

Head of state

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the Privy Council?

A

Affairs advice with

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3
Q

What does the Privy Chamber address?

A

King’s personal needs

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4
Q

What is the Star Chamber associated with?

A

Poor Law/ common law

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5
Q

What are the Royal courts used by Wolsey called?

A

Court Chancery

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6
Q

What factors promoted Wolsey’s rise to power?

A

His speeches became law and he was widely recognized at home and abroad as the go-to person for securing royal favors.

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7
Q

How did Wolsey act in relation to the king?

A

He acted almost like a king himself.

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8
Q

What was Wolsey’s background?

A

He was the son of a butcher.

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9
Q

What was notable about Wolsey’s education?

A

He was very intelligent, sent to Oxford at a young age, and awarded the title ‘boy-bachelor’ for earning his first degree at 15.

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10
Q

What personal qualities did Wolsey possess?

A

He had drive, confidence, was not afraid of failure, took risks, and was seen as an interesting and attractive companion.

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11
Q

When did Wolsey rise to prominence?

A

He gained major notice in the final years of Henry VII’s reign.

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12
Q

What role did Wolsey play as a royal counselor?

A

He was a man of business for Bishop Fox and became one of the most trusted counselors of the king.

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13
Q

What was the situation with Henry VIII’s counselors?

A

Henry VIII was surrounded by old counselors who had no followers of their own to promote to senior positions.

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14
Q

How did Wolsey benefit from the previous reign’s changes?

A

Many leading figures from the previous reign were executed or retired, which benefited Wolsey.

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15
Q

How did Wolsey advise Henry VIII?

A

He took advantage of the situation by giving the king advice he wanted to hear.

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16
Q

What was the purpose of the expedition to France in 1513?

A

To organise an expeditionary force to invade France.

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17
Q

Who took charge of the expedition to France in 1513?

A

Wolsey took charge of the expedition.

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18
Q

What criticism did Wolsey face regarding the expedition?

A

His idea was criticised because senior officials shrank from a challenge likely to bring problems and aggravation.

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19
Q

How did Wolsey ensure the success of the expedition?

A

He ensured the right people and supplies were in the right places at the right times.

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20
Q

What was Wolsey’s approach towards authority during the expedition?

A

He antagonised most in authority by riding roughshod over their rights and responsibilities.

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21
Q

What did Wolsey argue regarding the king’s wishes?

A

He argued that the king’s wishes must take precedence over all other considerations.

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22
Q

By the middle of 1514, what was Henry’s relationship with Wolsey?

A

Henry was referring almost all matters of business to Wolsey.

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23
Q

What argument did Wolsey use regarding his position and income?

A

He argued that the king’s honour and dignity demanded that the leading councillor should hold positions of the greatest possible status and receive an income.

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24
Q

What was the cheapest way for Henry to reward Wolsey?

A

By securing his appointment to posts not paid by royal finances.

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25
What was the traditional source of preferments for such appointments?
The church was traditionally the source of such preferments.
26
What positions did Wolsey hold before becoming a leading councillor?
He was made dean of Lincoln, Bishop of Tournai, Bishop of Lincoln, and Archbishop of York.
27
What was Wolsey's rank in the church?
He was the 2nd most senior person in the church.
28
What was Wolsey's reputation?
Wolsey was known for his greed.
29
How did Wolsey manage his work?
He worked long hours and paid close attention to detail.
30
What legal power did Wolsey have?
Wolsey controlled the country's legal systems and could interpret the law as he saw fit.
31
What strategy did Wolsey use regarding court cases?
He transferred cases from one court system to another.
32
What was a consequence of Wolsey's actions?
He created many enemies.
33
How did Wolsey maintain his power?
He was incessantly active and devoted his time to building and maintaining his power base.
34
What was the king's relationship with Wolsey?
The king spent a lot of time 'progressing' around the south, with Henry often in Wolsey's thoughts.
35
What were Wolsey's thoughts about the king?
Wolsey considered what should be hidden from the king and how much he could get away with.
36
What was Wolsey's relationship with the Pope?
Wolsey attempted to win new concessions for himself and influence people he didn't know.
37
What title was granted to Wolsey in 1524?
'Legatus a catere' was granted to Wolsey in 1524.
38
How did Wolsey handle correspondence from the Pope?
He often ignored letters or dealt with them partially until he needed papal support.
39
Who was Wolsey in the context of government?
Chief minister for 15 years.
40
What was Wolsey's primary focus during his time as chief minister?
He devoted most of his attention to foreign affairs.
41
What were Wolsey's goals as chief minister?
Establishing and maintaining personal power while increasing income.
42
What was the general expectation of leading figures in public life regarding Wolsey?
They had low expectations and wished to keep things the same.
43
What was the state of legal reforms under Wolsey?
Did minimal to improve the state of England.
44
What argument is made about Wolsey's legal reforms?
He seriously attempted to bring greater justice to England.
45
What is common law?
A system that enjoyed a dominant position in England since before the Norman conquest.
46
What is civil law?
Derived from practices of the Roman Empire.
47
How was civil law viewed in English society?
Favoured, as it placed emphasis on natural justice in decision making.
48
What protection did common law provide to litigants?
Protected them from partiality by forcing judges to reveal their reasoning based on past practice.
49
What was a downside of the common law system?
It could lead to unjust verdicts, allowing the party in the wrong to win on a technicality.
50
What did Cardinal Wolsey want to be seen as?
Number 1 in the English church.
51
Who held the leading position in the English church before Wolsey?
Archbishop Warham.
52
What position did Pope Leo X appoint Wolsey to?
Cardinal, which gave him precedence over Warham on ceremonial occasions.
53
In what year was Wolsey made cardinal?
1515.
54
What is 'Legatus a Latere'?
A position that allows a representative with full papal powers to be present at decision-making occasions.
55
What significant event occurred in 1518 regarding Wolsey?
He was accorded the honour of Legatus a Latere along with a fellow cardinal sent from Rome.
56
What was the purpose of Wolsey's legatine powers?
To negotiate a general truce between major European states.
57
What was the state of the government in the early 16th century?
It was still the king's government in practice and theory.
58
What could the monarch change?
Rules, but not laws.
59
What did Wolsey do during the French expedition of 1513?
He organized it despite holding none of the major offices in state.
60
What was Wolsey able to do without holding major offices?
Mobilize the whole machinery of government to carry out his commands.
61
What was Wolsey as Lord Chancellor?
- Wanted to wield power and be seniou office of state - Was chief minister in 1514 - Henry prepared + requested resignation of Archbishop Warham (current lord chancellor) - Wolsey had direct control if legal system of state
62
How was Wolseys Power and authority viewed
- seen as dictator - can be overruled by king - financial ruin to a family when members reported to have said something bad about wolsey in hearing of the king
63
Describe the development of the chamber system:
- process of reform: 1518 to 1536 - in early reign it was of sons of noblemen/ gentry - Creation of Gentlemen in privy chamber - personal secretaries to king
64
why were the numbers of gentleman increasing?
to accommodate outsiders who recognised advantages provided enough cover for some staff to be released
65
what was the groom of the stool?
manager of privy chamber in charge of royal excretion seen as honourable not demeaning
66
describe the development of bureacracy
- 1530s Cromwell sought to reduce role of kings chamber - set up new courts to manage revenues - new income from after break of rome - Court of First Fruits and Tenths: collection of money sent to rome from church
67
Emergence / influence of factionalism
- Groups in courts worked together to achieve same goals - Wanted to influence king - chief ministers encouraged factions to develop/ compete for influence - Henry played factions against each other to maintain authority
68
What were the Aragonese factions? Who was involved?
- Lord Darcy, Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk - Supporters of Catherine and her daughter Mary
69
What was the Boleyn faction?
- Responsible for Wolseys fall from power - Put pressure on Henry to obtain divorce
70
What was the conservative faction? Who did it involve?
- 1540s restored catholic influences of church - Duke of Norfolk, Bishop Gardiner, persuaded Henry to marry Catherine of Howard
71
What were the reformers faction?
Reaction to emergence of conservatives Supported protestant reforms and persuaded Henry to marry Catherine Parr
72
What changes were there to the Privy council?
- Wolsey regularly attended council - Under Henry VIII, privy council reduced to 20 trusted permanent advisors of king - Based on personality
73
How many people were under Henry VIIs council?
- Over 200
74
What was the role of parliament?
- under henry VII parliaments rarely called - Main power to enable king to collect taxes - Wolsey pursued aggressive foreign policy, avoided calling parliament
75
What happened in 1529 in parliament?
- called and remained in for 7 years - Passed a lot of laws
76
How did Cromwell use parliament?
- needed status of statute law to legitimise break with rome -
77
What was used for the break from rome?
- Act of Succession and Act of Submission of the clergy 1534 - Brought church in England under authority of king
78
What was the stage of government from 1509 - 14
- Broke from fathers policies - Eg arrest of Dudley + abolition of Council Learned in Law - Had aggressive foreign policy
79
Who did Henry VII inherit?
- inherited: Thomas Lovell, Archbishop Warham, Bishop John Fisher
80
What happened during the early years of the government?
- Young king asserting authority - Councillers against aggressive foreign policy, but Henry wanted to be warrior king - Wolsey was key organiser in the First French War
81
What happened in government during 1514 to 29
- Business to Wolsey - Wolsey seen as second king - Debated if Wolsey acted in his own interests or the Kings
82
What was the stage of government from 1530 to 40
- Wolseys fall led to Henrys greater involvement in gov - Wolsey replaced by Thomas Moore as chancellor - Cromwell = new chief minister - Favoured protestant reformists
83
How was government between 1540-47
- His ill health becoming problematic - Involved in factional struggles - Instead of chief minister, preferred to be personally involved

tudors Yr12 (13 decks)

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