context Flashcards

1
Q

How was the monarchy challenged?

A
  • costs of fighting Hundred Years War against France
  • More assertive parliaments
  • Economic and demographic legacy of Black Death
  • Increasingly powerful Nobles
  • Falling royal revenue
  • Challenged Edward
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2
Q

What was the Reign of Edward III?

A
  • 1327 to 1377
  • Son = Black prince -> won victories against French
  • Set up Order of Garter -> most exalted Order of Chivalry
  • ## When he died, succeeded by 10yo grandson - Richard II
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3
Q

What was the reign of Richard II?

A
  • 1377 to 1399
  • Well educated and cultured
  • lack of political intelligience - believed in his god given powers + arrogant
  • led to downfall
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4
Q

What happened during Richard II reign?

A
  • first 5 years -> england ruled by regency council
  • Dominated by richards uncle - John of Gaunt - Duke of Lancaster
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5
Q

What did Richard II rely on?

A
  • royal ‘favourites’
  • leading nobles + parliaments demand he dismiss these favourites to rule with consent of Lords and Commons in Parliament
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6
Q

Who were the most prominent among the ‘Lords Appellant’ during Richard II reign?

A
  • Thomas duke of Gloucester (uncle)
  • cousin = Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby (son of John Gaunt)
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7
Q

What did the Lords of Appellant do?

A
  • 1388 at merciless parliament
  • arrested and convicted many of Richards II supporters
  • King deprived of his power
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8
Q

What happened by 1397? (Richard II reign)

A
  • Richard recovered his lost power
  • Isolated, exiled or destroyed the Lords of Appellant
  • Duke of Gloucester murdered at Calais
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9
Q

What happened when John of Gaunt died?

A
  • died in 1399
  • Richard took his lands
  • Richard’s cousin
  • Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, was unable to inherit-them
  • Bolingbroke raised an army - arrested and deposed Richard
  • Became Henry IV - First king of House of Lancaster
  • Richard starved to death
  • Dangerous usurption
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10
Q

How was the reign of Henry IV?

A
  • 1399 to 1413
  • uncertain title
  • guilty
  • lack of money
  • prey to assertive parliament
  • nobles who felt they were owed the crown
  • 1403 won Battle of Shrewsburry
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11
Q

How was Henry’s IV relationships with his children?

A
  • Uneasy with Henry Prince of Wales
  • Keen to win war against France
  • Henry IV when dying, before death got his ring taken by his son
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12
Q

Describe reign of Henry V:

A
  • young, energetic, courageous
  • effective king and formidable soldier
  • modern historians see him as cruel and ruthless
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13
Q

What happened in 1415?

A
  • Henry invaded France on oct 25
  • English army outnumbered
  • defeated French at battle of Agincourt
  • French 5000 killed
  • 300 English killed
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14
Q

What happened by 1420 during Henry Vs reign?

A
  • France divided by civil war caused madness of king Charles IV, made peace
  • Henry V married Catherine of Calois - Charles daughter
  • Heir to france
  • would unite countries when Henrys father in law died
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15
Q

When and what happened when Henry V died?

A
  • 1422
  • died while campaigning in France
  • Charles VI died after
  • New king of England and France = 9 month old baby - Henry VI
  • France + England governed by uncles John , Duke of Bedford (France), Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (England)
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16
Q

The reign of Henry VI:

A
  • 1422-61
  • House of Lancaster
  • Weak, Pious, Indecisive, mental illness
  • civil wars in late 15th century
  • ‘war of roses’
17
Q

Who was Margaret of Anjou?

A
  • dominant force of Lancastrians
  • fought for her son and husband
  • Married to Henry VI
18
Q

What was the House of York?

A
  • Led by Richard Duke of York
  • Strong, charismatic, good soldier
  • Killed at battle of Wakefield 1460
  • Leadership of Yorks passed to Edward IV
19
Q

The reign of Edward IV:

A
  • 1461- 70 and 1471-83
  • Lancastrians descended from Edwards third son, Yorkists claimed descent from second and fifth son
  • Forces defeated Lancastrians at Battle of Towton near York on 29 march 1461
  • Henry VI + lancastrians fled
20
Q

What kind of a king was Edward IV?

A
  • prominent men = Richard Neville Earl of Warwick
  • Most wealthy and powerful nobleman
  • Edward brought needed stability’
  • Married Elizabeth Woodville