context Flashcards
1
Q
How was the monarchy challenged?
A
- costs of fighting Hundred Years War against France
- More assertive parliaments
- Economic and demographic legacy of Black Death
- Increasingly powerful Nobles
- Falling royal revenue
- Challenged Edward
2
Q
What was the Reign of Edward III?
A
- 1327 to 1377
- Son = Black prince -> won victories against French
- Set up Order of Garter -> most exalted Order of Chivalry
- ## When he died, succeeded by 10yo grandson - Richard II
3
Q
What was the reign of Richard II?
A
- 1377 to 1399
- Well educated and cultured
- lack of political intelligience - believed in his god given powers + arrogant
- led to downfall
4
Q
What happened during Richard II reign?
A
- first 5 years -> england ruled by regency council
- Dominated by richards uncle - John of Gaunt - Duke of Lancaster
5
Q
What did Richard II rely on?
A
- royal ‘favourites’
- leading nobles + parliaments demand he dismiss these favourites to rule with consent of Lords and Commons in Parliament
6
Q
Who were the most prominent among the ‘Lords Appellant’ during Richard II reign?
A
- Thomas duke of Gloucester (uncle)
- cousin = Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby (son of John Gaunt)
7
Q
What did the Lords of Appellant do?
A
- 1388 at merciless parliament
- arrested and convicted many of Richards II supporters
- King deprived of his power
8
Q
What happened by 1397? (Richard II reign)
A
- Richard recovered his lost power
- Isolated, exiled or destroyed the Lords of Appellant
- Duke of Gloucester murdered at Calais
9
Q
What happened when John of Gaunt died?
A
- died in 1399
- Richard took his lands
- Richard’s cousin
- Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, was unable to inherit-them
- Bolingbroke raised an army - arrested and deposed Richard
- Became Henry IV - First king of House of Lancaster
- Richard starved to death
- Dangerous usurption
10
Q
How was the reign of Henry IV?
A
- 1399 to 1413
- uncertain title
- guilty
- lack of money
- prey to assertive parliament
- nobles who felt they were owed the crown
- 1403 won Battle of Shrewsburry
11
Q
How was Henry’s IV relationships with his children?
A
- Uneasy with Henry Prince of Wales
- Keen to win war against France
- Henry IV when dying, before death got his ring taken by his son
12
Q
Describe reign of Henry V:
A
- young, energetic, courageous
- effective king and formidable soldier
- modern historians see him as cruel and ruthless
13
Q
What happened in 1415?
A
- Henry invaded France on oct 25
- English army outnumbered
- defeated French at battle of Agincourt
- French 5000 killed
- 300 English killed
14
Q
What happened by 1420 during Henry Vs reign?
A
- France divided by civil war caused madness of king Charles IV, made peace
- Henry V married Catherine of Calois - Charles daughter
- Heir to france
- would unite countries when Henrys father in law died
15
Q
When and what happened when Henry V died?
A
- 1422
- died while campaigning in France
- Charles VI died after
- New king of England and France = 9 month old baby - Henry VI
- France + England governed by uncles John , Duke of Bedford (France), Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (England)
16
Q
The reign of Henry VI:
A
- 1422-61
- House of Lancaster
- Weak, Pious, Indecisive, mental illness
- civil wars in late 15th century
- ‘war of roses’
17
Q
Who was Margaret of Anjou?
A
- dominant force of Lancastrians
- fought for her son and husband
- Married to Henry VI
18
Q
What was the House of York?
A
- Led by Richard Duke of York
- Strong, charismatic, good soldier
- Killed at battle of Wakefield 1460
- Leadership of Yorks passed to Edward IV
19
Q
The reign of Edward IV:
A
- 1461- 70 and 1471-83
- Lancastrians descended from Edwards third son, Yorkists claimed descent from second and fifth son
- Forces defeated Lancastrians at Battle of Towton near York on 29 march 1461
- Henry VI + lancastrians fled
20
Q
What kind of a king was Edward IV?
A
- prominent men = Richard Neville Earl of Warwick
- Most wealthy and powerful nobleman
- Edward brought needed stability’
- Married Elizabeth Woodville
