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Henry VIII foreign policy Flashcards

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1
Q

in the early years of his reign, who did Henry VIII want to take after in his Foreign policy?

A

His ancestor is Henry V

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2
Q

what did Henry’s councillors convince Henry to do in 1510?

A

renew the Treaty of Etaples in 1510

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3
Q

what war did Henry VIII want to restart and why?

A

the 100 year war, as he felt England had a claim to the French throne

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4
Q

Why did Henry send the Archbishop of York to Pope Julius II?

A

to persuade him to ally against French

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5
Q

What was the Holy league and who was involved?

A
  • Anti French alliance

- Spain, England, Holy Roman Empire, Venice and Papacy

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6
Q

Why the Holy league not that great for Henry?

A

he was being used by Ferdinand of Aragon and Maximillian

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7
Q

How did Ferdinand use Henry in 1512?

A

Henry sent a an army of 10,000 men to southwest France

this achieved nothing but was a diversionary tactic for Ferdinand to capture Navarre.

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8
Q

What did Henry lead in 1513 and what did it achieve?

A
  • He invaded Northeastern France and won the Battle of Spurs in September 1513
  • he captured Tournai and Therouanne
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9
Q

What was also won in England when Henry was busy in France?

A

The battle of Flodden September 1513

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10
Q

Who had led the attack against James IV in Battle of Flodden?

A

Earl of Surrey

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11
Q

Who was killed in battle of Flodden?

A

James IV and some Scottish nobles

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12
Q

What were the failures of Henry’s military adventures in 1513?

A
  • War was costly and Henry had to liquidate assets his father left
  • there was almost a revolt in Yorkshire about tax
  • the pension from France was lost
  • Tournai was eventually sold back for cheaper than defence repair had cost
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13
Q

What did Henry contemplate in 1514 and why did it fail?

A

an Invasion of France

Spain and Holy Roman Empire had made peace with France

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14
Q

Who and how made helped England make peace with France after 1513?

A

Wolsey

  • recovered Etaples pension
  • Marriage alliance between Henry sister Mary and Louis XII
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15
Q

What 3 points could be the basis of foreign policy during 1514-1526?

A
  • England remained a relatively small power
  • Henry significantly overestimates English power
  • Auld alliance between Scotland and France remained, threatening England
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16
Q

By 1514 Henry VIII had run out of money to continue his war foreign policy, what were the consequences of this?

A
  • He could not take advantage of Scotland after their victory in Battle of Flodden
  • he sought peace with france and created a marriage alliance, however this was short lived as Louis XII died.
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17
Q

After the death of Louis XII who took control of France?

A

Francis I

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18
Q

Why did Henry Viii not like Francis?

A

They were personal rivals

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19
Q

What was Henry’s immediate response to Francis becoming king and why did it fail?

A
  • to seek an alliance with Ferdinand, however Ferdinand died in 1516, which enabled his Grandson, Charles V to take over.
    Charles wanted an alliance with France
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20
Q

What treaty created peace between Spain and France in 1516?

A

Treaty of Noyon 1516

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21
Q

What treaty created peace between HRE and France, which isolated England?

A

Treaty of Cambrai 1517

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22
Q

How was Francis able to undermine Anglo-Scottish relations?

A

the duke of Albany, who was also a French noble, was the heir presumptive. this meant France could take control of Scotland if there was no other liable heir

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23
Q

Why was the threat from Duke of Albany minimised?

A

there was poisonous divisions in Scottish nobility

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24
Q

What treaty, by Wolsey, enabled the end of England’s isolation?

A

Treaty of London 1518

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25
Q

What was the Treaty of London?

A

A Treaty by Wolsey, prompted by Pope Leo X who wanted a united christian front, made an agreement of ‘perpetual peace’

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26
Q

What status did the pope give Wolsey in 1518?

A

Papal Legate

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27
Q

Due to the Treaty of London what were the French and English able to agree on?

A
  • Tournai was returned
  • French agreed to pay pension
  • French agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland
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28
Q

Why did the French worried about the power of Spain?

A

Charles V, king of Spain, would be Holy Roman Emperor

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29
Q

What was organised In June 1520, which improved relations between England and France?

A

The field of the cloth of gold

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30
Q

How long did the field of the cloth of gold last?

A

two weeks

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31
Q

What was achieved in the field of the cloth of gold?

A

nothing, but tensions between Francis and Charles V increased

32
Q

What Treaty was created by Wolsey between England and Charles V in 1521

A

Treaty of Bruges August 1521

33
Q

Why was Henry compelled to switch support to Charles V in 1521?

A
  • he could improve relations with pope
  • he might gain territory in France
  • part of the detail entailed a marriage alliance between Henry’s daughter Mary and Charles V
34
Q

When did Henry Invade France again after 1521?

A
  • 1522

- 1523

35
Q

Who won the Battle of Pavia 1925

A

Charles V

36
Q

What did Henry Viii suggest Charles do after the victory in Pavia and what did Charles say?

A

Henry had asked Charles to launch a joint attack to invade France and take land, however Charles was not interested and declined

37
Q

After his offer to charles V about invading France was declined, what were the consequences that had impacted Henry Viii?

A
  • his ego was bruised, he had to back down
  • his resentment towards Charles V was reinforced when he repudiated his marriage contract with princess Mary
  • Wolsey’s domestic prestige never recovered
38
Q

After the battle of Pavia, which country did Henry lean support towards?

A

France

39
Q

Which league did Henry give support to against the Emperor Charles V

A

league of Cognac

40
Q

Why did England remain a relatively small power in 1527?

A

Henry failed to resolve his ‘great matter’

41
Q

What were Henry and Wolsey forced to do because of their weak position in 1527?

A
  • make an anti-imperial alliance with France in Treaty of Amiens
42
Q

What was Sack of Rome in 1527

A

Charles V had kept Pope clement VII as a prisoner so he could not divorce Henry and Catherine

43
Q

What ensured Henry that he could not solve his marital issues through diplomatic means?

A
  • Charles’ victory at battle of Landriano 1529
  • peace of Cambrai 1529
    dominance over pope
44
Q

Who did Henry blame for not being able to Divorce catherine?

A

Wolsey, leading to his downfall in 1529

45
Q

What was the only option for Henry to Divorce Catherine?

A

Break with Rome 1533

46
Q

Why were there no short term repercussions with the Break with Rome?

A

Charles V was more invested with the threat the Ottoman Turks had on Christian Europe

47
Q

Who did Henry try make an alliance with after 1532 to reinforce his position?

A

the League of Schmalkalden, however it was foundered by mistrust

48
Q

What two reasons reduced pressure for Henry in 1536?

A
  • Death of Catherine of Aragon and execution of Anne Boleyn

- renewal of fighting between France and Charles

49
Q

Why had Henry’s position gotten worse in 1538?

A
  • Charles and Francis made peace in Treaty of nice, severed connection with England
  • Pope Paul III sent a Bull deposing Henry, this absolved Catholics from obeying Henry
  • Pope sent envoys to France and Scotland to support a crusade against Henry
50
Q

What did Henry do to prevent himself being invaded in 1539?

A
  • Six article act 1539

- married Anne of Cleves ( which was short-lived after Charles and Francis fought again)

51
Q

which part of Ireland did England control and who governed it?

A

the Pale

Kildare

52
Q

When was Kildare Dismissed?

A

1534

53
Q

Who led the major rebellion in Ireland in 1534?

A

Kildare’s son, Thomas Fitzgerald

54
Q

Why did the attempt to Bring Ireland under direct British control fail?

A
  • they would need an English born deputy, supported by military presence
  • it was very costy
55
Q

Which Gaelic lords invaded Pale in 1539?

A

Con O’neill

Manus O’donell

56
Q

How did England try pacify Ireland after the invasion of the Pale in 1939?

A
  • establishing Ireland as a separate Kingdom in 1541
  • imposed English laws and creating counties
  • Ireland would get same protection as England
  • Lords received peerage titles
57
Q

Why did England not follow through with the Irish reforms in 1541?

A
  • lacked resources

- no residual Irish loyalty to crown

58
Q

After 1534 why did relations with Ireland get worse?

A

Religious differences began to emerge

59
Q

After 1540 what characteristic was Henry’s foreign policy?

A

Aggressive

60
Q

When did England Invade Scotland after 1540?

A

1542

61
Q

Which Battle did England win in 1542

A

Battle of Solway moss

62
Q

Why did Henry not lead a full scale invasion to Scotland despite the advantage England had?

A
  • Henry wanted military success in France, therefore he gave Scotland diplomatic pressure
63
Q

What scottish policy did Henry come up with to secure Scotland?

A

Rough wooing

64
Q

Who did Henry try to betrothe between England and Scotland?

A

Prince Edward and Mary queen of scots

65
Q

What did English ambassador, Sir Ralph Sadler, report to Henry?

A
  • the Scottish were suspicious of the intentions of Henry

- the scots refused to let Mary of scots be raised in England

66
Q

Which Treaty betrothed Edward and Mary in 1543

A

Treaty of Greenwich

67
Q

Who had rejected the Treaty of Greenwich and what were the consequences?

A

Earl of Arran deserted the cause, scottish parliament refused to rectify treaty
this enraged Henry who asked earl of Hertford to invade

68
Q

What were failures of Henry in Scotland?

A
  • He neglected opportunity to secure Scotland through military force in 1542
  • He failed to listen to Sadler’s warnings about Hostility
  • His ordering for Hertford was not strategic and only aggravated Scots
69
Q

Who did Henry create an alliance with to help facilitate invasion of France?

A

Charles v

70
Q

What was England able to capture?

A

Boulogne

71
Q

who made peace in 1544 that made it difficult for Henry?

A

France and Charles

72
Q

How did matters get worse in 1545?

A
  • Francis I sent troop to Scotland to reinforce possible invasion of England through Scottish border
  • English were defeated at battle of Ancrum moor
  • Separate French force landed in Isle of Wight
  • Henry’s flagship, Mary Rose, Sank
73
Q

When did France and England make Peace?

A

1546

74
Q

What problems rose after 1546

A
  • unable to fund war
  • he sold crown estate
  • borrowed large sums
  • debased coinage
  • high inflation
75
Q

when were the succession acts?

A

1534
1536
1544

history tudors (6 decks)

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