Henry VIII foreign policy Flashcards
in the early years of his reign, who did Henry VIII want to take after in his Foreign policy?
His ancestor is Henry V
what did Henry’s councillors convince Henry to do in 1510?
renew the Treaty of Etaples in 1510
what war did Henry VIII want to restart and why?
the 100 year war, as he felt England had a claim to the French throne
Why did Henry send the Archbishop of York to Pope Julius II?
to persuade him to ally against French
What was the Holy league and who was involved?
- Anti French alliance
- Spain, England, Holy Roman Empire, Venice and Papacy
Why the Holy league not that great for Henry?
he was being used by Ferdinand of Aragon and Maximillian
How did Ferdinand use Henry in 1512?
Henry sent a an army of 10,000 men to southwest France
this achieved nothing but was a diversionary tactic for Ferdinand to capture Navarre.
What did Henry lead in 1513 and what did it achieve?
- He invaded Northeastern France and won the Battle of Spurs in September 1513
- he captured Tournai and Therouanne
What was also won in England when Henry was busy in France?
The battle of Flodden September 1513
Who had led the attack against James IV in Battle of Flodden?
Earl of Surrey
Who was killed in battle of Flodden?
James IV and some Scottish nobles
What were the failures of Henry’s military adventures in 1513?
- War was costly and Henry had to liquidate assets his father left
- there was almost a revolt in Yorkshire about tax
- the pension from France was lost
- Tournai was eventually sold back for cheaper than defence repair had cost
What did Henry contemplate in 1514 and why did it fail?
an Invasion of France
Spain and Holy Roman Empire had made peace with France
Who and how made helped England make peace with France after 1513?
Wolsey
- recovered Etaples pension
- Marriage alliance between Henry sister Mary and Louis XII
What 3 points could be the basis of foreign policy during 1514-1526?
- England remained a relatively small power
- Henry significantly overestimates English power
- Auld alliance between Scotland and France remained, threatening England
By 1514 Henry VIII had run out of money to continue his war foreign policy, what were the consequences of this?
- He could not take advantage of Scotland after their victory in Battle of Flodden
- he sought peace with france and created a marriage alliance, however this was short lived as Louis XII died.
After the death of Louis XII who took control of France?
Francis I
Why did Henry Viii not like Francis?
They were personal rivals
What was Henry’s immediate response to Francis becoming king and why did it fail?
- to seek an alliance with Ferdinand, however Ferdinand died in 1516, which enabled his Grandson, Charles V to take over.
Charles wanted an alliance with France
What treaty created peace between Spain and France in 1516?
Treaty of Noyon 1516
What treaty created peace between HRE and France, which isolated England?
Treaty of Cambrai 1517
How was Francis able to undermine Anglo-Scottish relations?
the duke of Albany, who was also a French noble, was the heir presumptive. this meant France could take control of Scotland if there was no other liable heir
Why was the threat from Duke of Albany minimised?
there was poisonous divisions in Scottish nobility
What treaty, by Wolsey, enabled the end of England’s isolation?
Treaty of London 1518
What was the Treaty of London?
A Treaty by Wolsey, prompted by Pope Leo X who wanted a united christian front, made an agreement of ‘perpetual peace’
What status did the pope give Wolsey in 1518?
Papal Legate
Due to the Treaty of London what were the French and English able to agree on?
- Tournai was returned
- French agreed to pay pension
- French agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland
Why did the French worried about the power of Spain?
Charles V, king of Spain, would be Holy Roman Emperor
What was organised In June 1520, which improved relations between England and France?
The field of the cloth of gold
How long did the field of the cloth of gold last?
two weeks
What was achieved in the field of the cloth of gold?
nothing, but tensions between Francis and Charles V increased
What Treaty was created by Wolsey between England and Charles V in 1521
Treaty of Bruges August 1521
Why was Henry compelled to switch support to Charles V in 1521?
- he could improve relations with pope
- he might gain territory in France
- part of the detail entailed a marriage alliance between Henry’s daughter Mary and Charles V
When did Henry Invade France again after 1521?
- 1522
- 1523
Who won the Battle of Pavia 1925
Charles V
What did Henry Viii suggest Charles do after the victory in Pavia and what did Charles say?
Henry had asked Charles to launch a joint attack to invade France and take land, however Charles was not interested and declined
After his offer to charles V about invading France was declined, what were the consequences that had impacted Henry Viii?
- his ego was bruised, he had to back down
- his resentment towards Charles V was reinforced when he repudiated his marriage contract with princess Mary
- Wolsey’s domestic prestige never recovered
After the battle of Pavia, which country did Henry lean support towards?
France
Which league did Henry give support to against the Emperor Charles V
league of Cognac
Why did England remain a relatively small power in 1527?
Henry failed to resolve his ‘great matter’
What were Henry and Wolsey forced to do because of their weak position in 1527?
- make an anti-imperial alliance with France in Treaty of Amiens
What was Sack of Rome in 1527
Charles V had kept Pope clement VII as a prisoner so he could not divorce Henry and Catherine
What ensured Henry that he could not solve his marital issues through diplomatic means?
- Charles’ victory at battle of Landriano 1529
- peace of Cambrai 1529
dominance over pope
Who did Henry blame for not being able to Divorce catherine?
Wolsey, leading to his downfall in 1529
What was the only option for Henry to Divorce Catherine?
Break with Rome 1533
Why were there no short term repercussions with the Break with Rome?
Charles V was more invested with the threat the Ottoman Turks had on Christian Europe
Who did Henry try make an alliance with after 1532 to reinforce his position?
the League of Schmalkalden, however it was foundered by mistrust
What two reasons reduced pressure for Henry in 1536?
- Death of Catherine of Aragon and execution of Anne Boleyn
- renewal of fighting between France and Charles
Why had Henry’s position gotten worse in 1538?
- Charles and Francis made peace in Treaty of nice, severed connection with England
- Pope Paul III sent a Bull deposing Henry, this absolved Catholics from obeying Henry
- Pope sent envoys to France and Scotland to support a crusade against Henry
What did Henry do to prevent himself being invaded in 1539?
- Six article act 1539
- married Anne of Cleves ( which was short-lived after Charles and Francis fought again)
which part of Ireland did England control and who governed it?
the Pale
Kildare
When was Kildare Dismissed?
1534
Who led the major rebellion in Ireland in 1534?
Kildare’s son, Thomas Fitzgerald
Why did the attempt to Bring Ireland under direct British control fail?
- they would need an English born deputy, supported by military presence
- it was very costy
Which Gaelic lords invaded Pale in 1539?
Con O’neill
Manus O’donell
How did England try pacify Ireland after the invasion of the Pale in 1939?
- establishing Ireland as a separate Kingdom in 1541
- imposed English laws and creating counties
- Ireland would get same protection as England
- Lords received peerage titles
Why did England not follow through with the Irish reforms in 1541?
- lacked resources
- no residual Irish loyalty to crown
After 1534 why did relations with Ireland get worse?
Religious differences began to emerge
After 1540 what characteristic was Henry’s foreign policy?
Aggressive
When did England Invade Scotland after 1540?
1542
Which Battle did England win in 1542
Battle of Solway moss
Why did Henry not lead a full scale invasion to Scotland despite the advantage England had?
- Henry wanted military success in France, therefore he gave Scotland diplomatic pressure
What scottish policy did Henry come up with to secure Scotland?
Rough wooing
Who did Henry try to betrothe between England and Scotland?
Prince Edward and Mary queen of scots
What did English ambassador, Sir Ralph Sadler, report to Henry?
- the Scottish were suspicious of the intentions of Henry
- the scots refused to let Mary of scots be raised in England
Which Treaty betrothed Edward and Mary in 1543
Treaty of Greenwich
Who had rejected the Treaty of Greenwich and what were the consequences?
Earl of Arran deserted the cause, scottish parliament refused to rectify treaty
this enraged Henry who asked earl of Hertford to invade
What were failures of Henry in Scotland?
- He neglected opportunity to secure Scotland through military force in 1542
- He failed to listen to Sadler’s warnings about Hostility
- His ordering for Hertford was not strategic and only aggravated Scots
Who did Henry create an alliance with to help facilitate invasion of France?
Charles v
What was England able to capture?
Boulogne
who made peace in 1544 that made it difficult for Henry?
France and Charles
How did matters get worse in 1545?
- Francis I sent troop to Scotland to reinforce possible invasion of England through Scottish border
- English were defeated at battle of Ancrum moor
- Separate French force landed in Isle of Wight
- Henry’s flagship, Mary Rose, Sank
When did France and England make Peace?
1546
What problems rose after 1546
- unable to fund war
- he sold crown estate
- borrowed large sums
- debased coinage
- high inflation
when were the succession acts?
1534
1536
1544
