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History - Henry 1509-1540 > Henry VIII and the quest for international influence: 1509-1540 > Flashcards

Henry VIII and the quest for international influence: 1509-1540 Flashcards

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1
Q

Key Player: France

A
  • Francis I becomes King in 1515
  • Conflict with Hapsburg
  • Population of 16 000 000
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2
Q

Key Player: Spain

A
  • Charles of Hapsburg becomes King Charles I in 1516 (Rival with France)
  • Catholic
  • Population of 6.8 million
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3
Q

Key Player: Holy Roman Empire (HRE)

A
  • 400 semi autonomous states , where Germany now is
  • Decentralised power but ruled by Emperor
  • 16 000 000 people
  • Charles I succeeds Maximilian I, becomes Charles V. Now ruler of HRE/Spain/Netherlands
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4
Q

Key Player: The Papacy

A
  • Headed by Pope
  • Aimed to defend Catholic interests in Europe
  • French/Spanish (Hapsburg/Valois) posed problem for Papal interests. Had to side carefully to prevent either from becoming too powerful
  • Rome sacked by imperial army in 1527, Pope Clement VII captive
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5
Q

What were Henry’s aspirations for France

A
  • Title of King of France held by English kings since 15th century
  • Henry hoped to use alliance with Ferdinand, father in law by anglo-spanish alliance with marriage to Catherine, to invade France
  • Realist: knew that England needed assistance to mount campaign
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6
Q

Why was Henry restricted by the work of his father in the early years of his policy towards the French?

A
  • Difficult to detach himself from his old ministers
  • Archbishop Warham/Bishop Fox saw the benefits of having a neutral state: less expensive, more secure and more appealing for foreign powers looking for support
  • -> England not in Holy League of 1508
  • ->Peace treaty with French in 1510
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7
Q

How were Henry’s foreign policy ambitions initially limited by the work of his father?

A
  • old ministers, archbishop warham and bishop fox, believed secure and neutral England would be more attractive and avoid expensive campaigns
  • 1508 holy league of Fra/Spn/Ppcy/HRE to attack Venice, England isolated
  • peace treaty with France 1510
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8
Q

French campaign 1512-1513

A

-French dominance in Northern Italy threatens Papal states
-Pope’s holy league (Spain, Venice, HRE + ENGLAND) combine forces to attack France
-Henry portrays war as holy war to great council
—> Money granted by parliament, April 1512 12000 under Marquis of Dorset dispatched to Bayonne
Campaign:
-England to gain control of Aquitaine
-Let down by father-in-law, Ferdinand, who used English as a diversion whilst he captured Navarre
—> Waiting for Spanish troops, dysentry, troops recalled
—> Naval defeat at Brest April 1513

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9
Q

`The Battle of the Spurs 1513

A
  • Learned from defeat, needed to act independently from allies if he were to succeed
  • 30 000 led by Henry to Calais in June 1513
  • –> Therouanne+Tournai captured
  • –>Therouanne given to Emperor Maxmilian
  • –> Tournai garrisoned until 1518
  • One sided encounter with little French resistance, small skirmish with expeditionary force and some nobles captured
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10
Q

Battle of Flodden September 1513

A
  • James IV attempted invasion of England whilst Henry in France
  • English Army under Earl of Surrey is victorious despite being outnumbered
  • –> James IV dead along with core of Scottish nobility
  • –> James V is only a boy, Margaret (Henry’s sister) was regent
  • –> Removed Scottish threat for near future
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11
Q

What had Henry achieved by 1513?

A
  • Headed impressive invasion force in June 1513, fulfilling role as renaissance King
  • Put his mark on European affairs
  • Laid claim to title as King of France, prestige
    BUT
    -Therouanne and Tournai were soft targets
  • Henry was deceived by Ferdinand in 1512
    -Very expensive campaigns. Spent £960 000 in 1511-1513, annual income only £110 000
    —> Stretched resources meant further 1514 expedition was unrealistic (Anglo French Treaty)
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12
Q

Anglo-French Treaty

A

-Peace with France
-Ferdinand/Maxmilian had negotiated with Louis XII and lost interest in offensive, new Pope Leo X favoured peace
and Henry did not have the financial resources to support another campaign
-England gets Tournai, Louis XII pays remaindr of English pension promised to Henry VII
-Henry’s younger sister, Mary, marries Louis XII
-Proposal of Anglo-French attack on Ferdinand to drive French out of Navarre, unrealistic but shows Henry’s annoyance at Ferdinand

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13
Q

Why did Anglo-French relations change again in 1514

A
  • Louis XII dies January 1515, succeeded by ambitious Francis I
  • Sent Scottish claimant, Duke of Albany, to Scotland to overthrow regency government of Henry’s sister, Margaret. Successful
  • Francis wins Battle of Marignano September 1515. French control most of Northern Italy and Milan
  • Strong enough position to negotiate Concordat of Bologna with Leo X: French Kings have the right to appoint French sees
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14
Q

How did Wolsey seek to combat French dominance in 1514-1518?

A
  • Wanted to avoid invasion, but support pro-papal/anti French alliance
  • SECRET SUBSIDY to Emperor Maxmilian to repel French advance in Northern Italy. He accepts money and DEFECTS to French
  • ANTI FRENCH LEAGUE: Rome, Venice, Spain and HRE
  • –> Ferdinand DIES January 1516, succeeded by his grandson Charles. Did not want to engage French/collaborate with England. PEACE AT NOYON 1516. HRE Maxmilian joins alliance at PEACE OF CAMBRAI in 1517
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15
Q

Treaty of London 1518

A
  • Pope Leo X calling for crusade against infidel Turk
  • Wolsey creates anti-Turk alliance: France, Papacy, Spain, HRE + England
  • –> Non-aggression between powers+collective security
  • Treaty signed in October 1518. It had…
  • –> Given Henry prestige
  • –> Ended English isolation
  • –> Ended English occupation of Tournai (expensive) for more French pensions
  • –> Mary (daughter of Henry) betrothed to the Dauphin (heir to French throne), Duke of Albany to be kept out of Scotland
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16
Q

How did Wolsey benefit from the Treaty of London?

A
  • Hijacked the Pope’s original plans for his/Henry’s benefit
  • Revert in Wolsey’s foreign policy, which had until then failed to end English isolation
  • Received title of Legate a latere
17
Q

What made a Hapsburg/Valois conflict likely in 1919?

A

-Death of Emperor Maxmilian January 1919
- Power struggle between Charles V (Spain) and Francis I (France)
—> Charles chosen due to Hapsburg lineage (Grandson to Maxmilian)
—> Charles’s inheritance means that France is encircled
Therefore BOTH HRE/France want England as an ally

18
Q

Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520

A
  • Near Calais
  • Renaissance pageantry
  • 3000 significants from both Henry and Francis’s kingdoms in attendance
  • Jousting, spontaneous wrestling against each other
19
Q

Why was maintaining English neutrality becoming difficult in the early 1520s?

A
  • Increasing Hapsburg/Valois tensions
  • Charles had visited England in May/July 1520 - the latter Henry/Wolsey met Charles at Gravelines, as he was desperate for English not to form alliance with French

England was likely to side against France because

  • Traditional French rivalry, resentment of Francis I’s success since 1515
  • English low country trade routes would be safeguarded by an alliance with Charles who ruled the Hapsburg Netherlands
  • Papal (Wolsey) policy anti-French due to threat to papal states in Northern Italy where French were expanding
20
Q

How did the relations between England, France and Spain/HRE develop from 1520?

A
  • July 1521: 3 power conference at Calais under Wolsey, peace broker
  • August 1521: Anglo/French TREATY OF BRUGE stipulates that England will invade France if peace is not made with Spain
  • –> Wolsey delays invasion until 1523, giving situation chance to diffuse.
21
Q

Why was the prospect of invading France in the early 1520s less appealing than it had been in 1513?

A
  • Funded through an increase in taxation
  • Did not directly serve interests
  • Would fuel domestic unrest
22
Q

English expeditions to France 1522-3

A

1522: Earl of Surrey, raiding party from Calais to Normandy/Picardy
- -> No territorial gains, little support from Charles’s troops
1523: August, French rebellion by Charles Duke of Bourbon, who thought he had been denied his rightful French inheritance
- –> English force joined imperial troops with Bourbon’s men
- –> Force costing 400 000 under Surrey
- –> Rebellion came to nothing and army defeated by lack of winter supplies
- ———> Wolsey keen to remove England from demands of treaty of Bruges as England was low on money, supplies and Charles/expeditions had proved unreliable

23
Q

Successes of Wolsey’s foreign policy

A
  • Captured Therouanne and Tournai, renaissance Kingship
  • Ended English isolation to some extent
  • Peacebroker (Treaty of London)
  • Flexible, adjusted alliances to suit him and England
24
Q

Diplomatic revolution 1525

A
  • Wolsey opens up negotiations with France

- Treaty of the More 1525: Henry gives up claim to French throne in exchange for annual pension

25
Q

Charles releases Francis 1525

A
  • Condition that he did not disrupt imperial interests in Italy
  • Sons kept as hostages
  • –> Francis has no intention of permitting Imperial domination
  • –>May 1526: Signs Treaty of Cognat, England, France and several Italian states against Imperial dominance. Wolsey is instigator, England finances but does NOT join
26
Q

Treaty of Westminster

A
  • 1527
  • England/France cement alliance
  • Mary used as diplomatic pawn, offered to Francis I or one of his sons
  • Charles threatened with armed intervention if he would not make peace (empty threat, did not have the power)
27
Q

The Great Matter and foreign policy 1527 -

A
  • Charles sacks rome, Pope Clement VII captured
  • Catherine of Aragon was the aunt of Charles V, and Charles would not see a family member humiliated. With Pope under his control he prevented the dispensation of an annulment in 1527
  • –> Wolsey tries to work without the Pope using college of Cardinals but Pope soon released by end of 1527, keeping tight grip on Italy
  • –> Wolsey declares war on Charles in 1528, no army mobilised
  • –> Wolsey considers trade embargo on Low countries but would be damaging to England. Separate agreement with low countries to continue trade
28
Q

English isolation 1529

A
  • Charles’s victory at Landriano in June 1529
  • August 1529: Peace of Cambrai with France, Spain and Papacy. Wolsey not informed and Charles keeps control of Italy
  • –> England isolated
  • –> Clement VII now under imperial control under Cambrai, so no chance of attaining annulment
29
Q

Failures of Wolsey’s foreign policy

A
  • Unrealistic ambitions. Englands meagre resources were not adequate for reclaiming the throne of France
  • Few long term gains. Territories gained in 1511-13 were of little long term value and expensive to maintain (Garrisoning of Tournai
  • Henry’s foreign policy was expensive. Financial security left to Henry by his father was destroyed. £1.4 million spent on campaigns 1511-1525. £960 000 spent 1511-1513 on income of only £110 000 annually
  • –> Led to reliance on increased taxation, causing disruption (amicable grant crisis 1525)
  • Dependence on unreliable foreign allies: Ferdinand used English forces as a diversion in 1512, Spain/France signed peace of cambrai without Wolsey in 1529, Emperor Maxmilian defected, Charles V did not marry Mary
  • Unpopular nature of alliance with France
  • Failure of diplomatic revolution with regard to the Great Matter
30
Q

Effect of religion on foreign policy in the years 1530-40

A
  • Successful resolve of the Great Matter for England meant Anglo-French alliance was weakened as France did not want to appear friendly towards a heretical country, particularly with Charles dominating
  • England could face a Catholic coalition, and could either…
    (i) Side with German protestant Princes. Evidence of attempts as they were approached in 1533-4 and Henry supported protestant town of Lubeck in Baltic who were trying to stop an imperial candidate ruling Denmark
    (ii) Do nothing, allow Hapsburg/Valois rivalry to inevitably develop again so they would be too busy fighting each other to care about affairs in England
  • –> Decided to be passive, death of Aragon/Boleyn so chance that relations with Spain may recover
31
Q

Treaty of Nice

A
  • 1538
  • France and Spain committed to ten year peace
  • –> English military strength increased
  • –> Links with German Princes re-opened
32
Q

Purge of the Poles

A
  • Following Treaty of Nice, Cardinal Pole urges Francis/Charles to invade
  • –> Henry arrested mother and two brothers, Geoffrey pardoned
  • –> All others arrested in 1541, Yorkist threat purged
33
Q

Act of the Six articles 1539

A
  • Displayed belief in orthodox Catholic doctrine

- Perhaps to convince Catholic Europe of lack of support for Lutheranism?

34
Q

Lutheran alliance through marriage to Anne of Clewes

A
  • No proposal for alliance with Lutherans made in the past as Henry did not want to associate with heretics and the Lutherans were sceptical of Henry’s religious reform
  • Duke of Clewes part of Lutheran alliance, NOT Lutheran, but could be useful ally in combating invasion of England
  • Henry convinced of diplomatic advantage of their marriage and by Hans Holbein’s portrait
  • –> Henry detested her in real life, marriage remained unconsummated, meant the end for Cromwell

History - Henry 1509-1540 (8 decks)

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