Break from Rome 2 Flashcards
New Archbishop of Canterbury 1532
- Archbishop Warham died August 1532
- –> Someone more sympathetic to the divorce/supremacy could be appointed
- –> *particularly urgent as clear that Anne is pregnant by January 1533. They were married on the 25th/01. Slept with King so clear that break was inevitable
- Thomas Cranmer is appointed
Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533
- All appeals to Rome ended, so they must be heard by an English court
- Appeals relative to the Kin g would pass directly to convocation, heard by Archbishop Cranmer
- Clarified supremacy as he Henry named “supreme head and king” on basis of old scripture
What was the effect of the Act in Restraint of appeals?
- Catherine could not challenge any ruling
- Cranmer opens Dunstample court
- –> May 1533, marriage to Catherine declared void
- –> June, Anne crowned
- –> September Anne gives birth to Elizabeth, GIRL
- –> Pope excommunicates Henry in June 1533, suspended until September so he could turn back
Acts in 1532
Submission of the clergy is put in statutory form
Appeals to Rom forbidden in any form
Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates made permanent
English bishops now to be appointed by the King
Act of Dispensations 1534
- Stopped all payments to Rome including the Peter’s pence
- All future exceptions to canon law issued by Archbishop
- Failure to abide=Praemunire
Act of Succession 1534
- Registered validity of marriage to Anne, and the illegitimacy of his marriage to Catherine
- Anne’s children made legitimate, Mary bastardised
- Oath of allegiance to new queen/offspring proposed
- Speaking out against second marriage treason
How did the Pope respond to the Act of Succession 1534?
- Reaffirmed validity of Henry’s first marriage in March 1534
- –> Henry causes the Pope’s name to be stricken from all prayer books
Treason act 1534
- Capital offense to slander the Supremacy or deny it in word or deed
- –> Suggests paranoia?
Economic consequences of the Royal Supremacy
- Payments to Rome outlawed, too burdensome (?)
- –> Act annexing First Fruits and Tenths: Any new benefice holder pays one years salary to crown and 1/10th the annual value of the benefice thereafter
- Cromwell caused to carry out survey of church wealth (Valor Ecclesiasticus)
- 1485-1534: £4800 year to Rome. BUT 1536 paid £51770 to Henry alone
How serious was opposition the royal supremacy
-Minimal. Due to
—> Fear of reprisal and loyalty to the Tudor dynasty> Rome
Fear of reprisal: Encouraged through oath in Act of Succession, preachers supported supremacy and Treason Act of 1534, making it a capital offence to oppose the supremacy or marriage to Anne
High profile opposition to the supremacy, who?
- Holy Maid of Kent
- John Fisher
- Religious orders (Carthusians and Observant Friars)
- Thomas More
Holy Maid of Kent
- Elizabeth Barton: Holy Maid of Kent, visions of the Virgin Mary in 1525
- –> Gained high profile support from Warham and John Fisher
- Vision that Henry would not be on the throne in a month
- –> Sent to the tower November 1533, executed April 1534
Religious orders
- Observant Friars: friary alongside palace at Greenwich, preachers could spread anti supremacy sentiment quickly and easily. All houses closed down and some friars imprisoned
- Carthusians: Less dangerous and not united but still voiced dissenting opinion
- –> Crownwell> 18 members of Charterhouse executed/starved over 3 years. 6 leaders executed May-July 1535
John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester
- Wrote/preached in Catherine’s defense
- Loathed by Henry
- Heavily implicated in Holy Maid of Kent affair 1533, fine of £300
- Refused to swear oath of succession 1534, imprisoned, executed June 1535
- –> Support of Chapuys who called for armed intervention from Charles. Pope Paul III made him a cardinal
Thomas More
- Respected Humanist, legally trained
- Resigned as Lord Chancellor after submission of the Clergy 1532
- Would not take oath of supremacy, as refused to accept the idea that Henry had always been supreme head of the church
- –Tried: good defense, no right to force oath, moral highground, had not spoken out against policy until then. rigged jury> Lowers Henry’s reputation
- –> Executed July 1535
