Henry VIII Flashcards

Question

What was the Kildare rebellion? Silken Thomas

Answer 1

Mainly political uprising- objectives to expel the English administration and become the sole ruler of Ireland.

Answer 2

Causes: factional- Cromwell favoured Kildare's rivals for government offices and the Earl began to resent his declining influence- his son led the rebellion. Impact: with no imperial aid Thomas surrendered on the promise of his life; potentially dangerous- Ireland was becoming a hotbed of rebellion (useful landing stage for Spanish/French invasion). Cost: £25,000- 75 executions- the crown no longer had an Irish family to safeguard its interest and rival clans (O'Niels) felt less intimidated and more willing to break the law.

Answer 3

The largest rebellion of Tudor England. Rebellion was never a direct threat to H8- people were loyal to the still relatively new dynasty- grievances and resentment was aimed at the policy-makers namely Cromwell.

Answer 4

Causes: various secular motives played a part- H8's religious reforms were among the grievances; resentment towards the government; and the Ponterfact Articles.

Answer 5

-Dissolutions of monasteries. -Fear for parish and traditional religious practices: Cromwell's 1536 injunctions were seen as attacking traditional religious practices: + pilgrimage was discouraged + church plates and jewels given by parishioners were confiscated. - Loss of charitable and educational functions (monasteries) - Loss of churches/ monastic properties. - Loss of services from monasteries.

Answer 6

-Ordinary rebels were motivated by economic grievances- resentment of taxation. -Courtly conspiracy to restore Princess Mary as heir.

Answer 7

Corruption -Pluralism (receiving profits from more than one post) -Simony (the purchase of Church offices) -Non-residence (receiving the profits of a post but not being present to perform duties associated with it)-Wolsey. Anticlericalism. -Opposition to the political and social importance of the clergy. -Less of a cause more of a consequence, more a result of the reformation. Decline of Monasticism. -Wolsey had already secured the dissolution of 20 houses in the 1520s= allowed him to fund Cardinal College, Oxford. -Some historians have argued that monasticism was a relic of a bygone age- most monasteries had become large businesses. -The ease with which they were dissolved points to their value to the people not being so high.

Answer 8

The opposition to religious authority.

Answer 9

Change- King becomes SUPREME HEAD of the church. Significance- Confirmed by the act of supremacy (1534)- the act did not confer (grant) the supremacy to the king. Change- King appoints Cromwell Vicegerent in Spirituals (1534) Significance- Cromwell is now 2nd to the king- outranked the archbishops and bishops- gave him considerable power over the church. Change- 6 new dioceses (under the jurisdiction of bishops) were created. Significance- An attempt to improve Church administration.

Answer 10

Attack on traditional religious practices- the 1st and 2nd royal injunctions restricted the number of holy days to be observed + discouraged pilgrimages (1538- pilgrimages and the veneration of relics and images were condemned). The English Bible- 2nd injunctions (1538) required each parish to acquire the English Bible and encourage all to read it. -1539- The first edition of the Great Bible appeared. -Henry was cautious in allowing subjects to read it; an Act for the Advancement of True Religion (1534) restricted the reading of the bible to upper-class males.

Answer 11

-Only 3 sacraments: baptism, penance & Eucharist = are necessary to salvation. -The definition of Eucharist was ambiguous. -Confession was praised. -Praying to saints for remission of sins was rejected. -Praying to saints for other purposes was laudable. Significance -Ambiguous document which showed both Lutheran ad Catholic influences on the development of the doctrine.

Answer 12

-Restore the 4 sacraments omitted from the 10 articles BUT were given lower status. Significance. -A more conservative document than the Articles.

Answer 13

-Reasserted Catholic doctrine -Denial of transubstantiation was heretical. Significance. -Triumph for the conservatives- founded on the assumption that there had been too much religious controversy- undermined the good ordering of society.

Answer 14

-Revised the Bishop's book. Significance. -Emphasis was largely conservative but with some Lutheran hints.

Answer 15

-In the short term there was a renewed emphasis on governing through council, which then made two comebacks at later stages of the reign (1529-32, 1540-47. -For two periods during his reign Henry relied upon the work of a chief minister who shaped the structures of government to meet his own needs. The first of these was Thomas Wolsey who was particularly adept at using Star Chamber. The second was Thomas Cromwell, who developed his role as principal secretary.

Answer 16

-Money: it is believed that H7 left around £300,000 upon his death. -Unpopular mechanisms for extracting money. -A peaceful foreign policy. -A conciliar form of government: decisions were made through a council.

Answer 17

The money would vanish as a result of paying for the revival of a traditionally aggressive foreign policy towards France. The conciliar form of government would disappear in the short term as a result of Thomas Wolsey.

Answer 18

The abolition of the Council Learned, the cancellation of many of the bonds and recognizances which the Council Learned had imposed, and the executions of Empson and Dudley.

Answer 19

-to establish his status amongst European monarchs through marriage. -to re-establish the role of the nobility -to establish himself as a warrior king through success in battle.

Answer 20

Henry and Catherine married on 11 June 1509. Catherine exercised some influence over policy making in the first few years. By the mid-1520s Henry would repent of the rapidity of his marriage to a woman who was 5 years older than himself, especially once it was clear that she could never present him with a healthy heir.

Answer 21

The nobility was largely frozen out of direct political influence by Henry VII. Henry VIII shared the same taste and dominantly military culture of the aristocracy. It was the young men who joined Henry in sports and revels (AKA the sons of nobility), who accompanied Henry to war in northern France. However, the nobility did not achieve political dominance in the end because Henry promoted Wolsey.

Answer 22

He didn't have consistent aims throughout his reign. -the pursuit of glory/ the need to secure the succession to the throne. -prioritised himself over the government. -The broadening of the use of statute law (acts of parliament) to achieve political ends. -The resulting growing importance of Parliament. -The destruction of traditional religion. -The plundering of much of the Church's wealth.

Answer 23

9 At the beginning of his reign, the use of parliament followed the pattern of his father- the primary reason for calling parliament was to secure revenue. Wolsey was reluctant to use parliament. Cromwell exploited its legislative possibilities much more thoroughly. Consequently, parliament was called much more frequently in the second half of Henry's reign.

Answer 24

-Henry became disenchanted with the reluctance of some of his father's senior councillors to support a war with France. -As he became more attuned to governing, he became increasingly his own man by asserting his undoubted right to control decision-making. -Henry surrounded himself with like-minded young courtiers who reinforced his suspicions of the 'old guard'. -He became particularly impressed by the organisational skills of Thomas Wolsey, whose contribution to the effective management of the French campaign earned him royal gratitude.

Answer 25

Traditional but innovative.

Answer 26

Treaty of Etaples.

Answer 27

England, Spain, HRE, Venice and The Papacy in an anti-french alliance.

Answer 28

September 1513.

Answer 29

Battle of Spurs- he used propaganda to portray this as a mighty victory when in reality it was a little skirmish.

Answer 30

Therouanne and Tournai

Answer 31

James IV of Scotland was killed along with the Scottish nobility. This left the throne in the hands of infant James V.

Answer 32

Nothing. -Very costly, he had to liquidate assets from his father to pay for it. -There were rumblings about taxation in Yorkshire which narrowly avoided a revolution. -The renegotiated French pension was lost. -Tournai was sold back to the French for less than the English had spent to repair its defences.

Answer 33

Spain- Death of Ferdinand, 1516- Charles I Scotland- Death of James IV 1513-Infant James V France- Death of Louis XII, 1515-Francis I HRE- Death of Maximilian, 1519- Charles V Burgundy- The duchy was passed to the Hapsburgs in 1477; it consisted of commercially important areas (now Belgium and Netherlands).

Answer 34

1. England remained a minor power and could not compete with that of Spain and France. 2. Henry overestimated England's power - Wolsey had to frame the details of foreign policy based on that assumption. 3. The 'auld alliance' between France and Spain remained strong.

Answer 35

1. He was unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland after the death of James IV at Flodden. 2. He sought peace with France- reinforced by the marriage of his sister Mary to the French King Louis XII.

Answer 36

30s- The focus of foreign policy had been to minimise the response of foreign powers to the break from Rome. 40s- Henry returned to the aggressive foreign policy which had characterised the early years of his reign, launching attacks on both Scotland and France.

Answer 37

England's invasion of Scotland met immediate military success- Scots were forced into action by being faced with demands they could not have possibly met. Scots were heavily defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss. King James V died shortly after leaving the throne to his week-old daughter, Mary. Scottish position- homeless.

Answer 38

Henry's main interest was an invasion of France, he looked primarily to diplomatic pressure as a means to secure his Scottish objectives, while he sought military glory in France.

Answer 39

Formally betrothed Scottish Prince Edward to Mary, but the Scots were unhappy with H's request to raise Mary in England. Earl of Arran (Scot) refused to ratify the treaty. This prompted H to order the Earl of Hertford to carry out a raid on Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews.

Answer 40

-He neglected the opportunity to secure his policy Scottish policy by military force when he had the opportunity in 1542. -He failed to heed Sadler's warnings about Scottish hostility to his intentions. -His ordering of Hertford into Scotland was simply a matter of retaliation. This gave no thought to possible strategic objectives and simply served to antagonise the Scots further.

Answer 41

H agreed to an alliance with the emperor to facilitate the French invasion. H's main concern was the size of the French army. Although H typically gave little thought to strategic objectives, he realised he couldn't just march into Paris. English army in Calais, besieging Montreuil unsuccessfully but capturing Bolougne.

Answer 42

-Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion of England from across the Scottish border. -English were defeated at the Battle of Ancrum Moor. -A separate French force landed on the Isle of Wight. -H's flagship, the Mary Rose, sank in the Solent.

Answer 43

The French failed to recapture Bolougne and the invasion of N England never happened. Both sued for peace as they couldn't afford conflict. Peace was agreed in 1546.

Answer 44

He was unable to fund the war from extraordinary revenue, resold much of the Crown estate, borrowed large sums and debased coinage- increasing inflation.

Answer 45

Anne Boleyn gave birth to Elizabeth in September 1533. Elizabeth's position as heir presumptive was confirmed by the Succession Act 1534, which declared Mary illegitimate.

Answer 46

Anne Boleyn's execution for treason declared Elizabeth illegitimate. Henry now had no legitimate heir but three illegitimate children.

Answer 47

Laying down that, in the absence of a legitimate heir, the king could determine the succession by will or by letters patent. This theoretically could have led to Richmond's succession if he didn't die! LOL

Answer 48

Edward was born of Lady Jane Seymour whom he married after the deaths of Catherine and Anne, meaning Edwards's legitimacy could not be denied.

Answer 49

By 1543 problems with Henry's health made it likely Edward would take over the throne as a minor.

Answer 50

Re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth, also reaffirming Henry's right to determine the succession by letter patent or will.

Answer 51

Increased during H's reign, though by the end, there were only 9 more than what they started with. Most new peers achieved their rank by successful royal service as courtiers or soldiers, or in some cases, this was enhanced by a close family relationship- H's brother-in-law Edward Seymore was elevated to the Earl of Hertford.

Answer 52

Only 1 duke when H became king, Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, never enjoyed royal favour. H only promoted 2 non-royal ducal titles, Norfolk and Suffolk- served as soldiers and courtiers. Norfolk was restored the title which had been his father's, and Suffolk was promoted due to closeness with H.

Answer 53

H sometimes gave out property to give them royal authority in particular areas. Suffolk was endowed with property in Lincolnshire after the rebellion and was told to move there to exert authority over them.

Answer 54

John Guy has suggested there were approx 5000 gentry families in England in 1540.

Answer 55

Knighthhods were a sign of royal favour and it was presumed their income would match their status. Susan Birgden estimated there were about 200 knightly families in 1524.

Answer 56

Gentlemen who were allowed to bear a coat of arms were deemed as an 'esquire'. Status was certified by the royal heralds. By 1530 heralds were unwilling to grant/ confirm the titles to anyone whose lands were worth less than £10 per annum or goods worth under £300.

Answer 57

The increased number of justices of the peace increased the number of those who participated in local administration. As well as JPs many members of the gentry were drawn to unpaid administration on behalf of the crown.

Answer 58

There was little dramatic change in the living of commoners during the first 1/2 of H's reign. Inflation rising meant people were paid less.

Answer 59

Before 1536 Wales was a separate territory from England yet under English control. Wales compromised marcher (border) lordships and the Principality of Wales. Laws of Wales Act 1536: -divided Wales into shire counties which operated on the same basis as their English counterparts. -gave the Welsh shires direct representation in the House of Commons at Westminster for the 1st time. -brought Wales into the same legal framework as England.

Answer 60

3 English counties were technically palatinates (separate jurisdictions): Lancashire, Cheshire, and Durham. Mattered little in Chesire and Lancashire where jurisdiction fell back into royal hands, but Durham was still technically separate. The Act of Resuming Liberties to the Crown of 1536 reduced the level of independence for the Bishop of Durham but did not destroy it completely.

Answer 61

The lands were governed as part of the Principality of Wales, along with the 4 bordering counties- Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, which came under the jurisdiction of the Council of Wales. Offered relatively cheap and local access to the law and could therefore benefit the area under its jurisdiction.

Answer 62

Problematic area for H. The border with Scotland was difficult to police. Both sides of the border had a rep for unlawfulness. Border of Scot was split into three marches, each under the jurisdiction of a warden. H struggled to appoint wardens due to people exploiting power.

Answer 63

H and Cromwell re-establish the council as a permanent body in York with professional staff. Administrative and legal functions.

Answer 64

A small minority of people welcomed the change, but there was not a lot of support for the changes. Executions- Sir Thomas More.

Answer 65

Cromwell's dissolution of the monasteries, begun in 1536, and his royal injunctions of 1536, attacked many of the traditional Catholic practices. This provoked fears that the reforms may be accompanied by an attack on parish churches.

Answer 66

-A lot of land was removed from the Church and taken by the crown- should have made H more powerful but due to his warlike FP, he had to sell a lot of church and monastic property. By 1547 2/3s of the monastic land gained by the crown had been sold. -Removal of monasteries had led to the loss of schools. -Many monks and nuns were unemployed. -Monasteries offered employment, education and business opportunities.