Elizabeth I Flashcards
Who were E’s siblings?
Mary and Edward.
Who was her mother and when did she die?
Anne Boleyn, died when E was 3.
Who was her role model?
Her father, she wanted to emulate his powerful character.
Who was her mother figure?
Catherine Parr.
Who is believed to have assaulted her?
Catherine Parr’s second husband Thomas Seymour when she lived with them.
What was E mentally strong?
She survived the tower of london twice in Mary’s reign.
What four good qualities did E have?
Great judge of character.
Calculating.
Intelligent.
Great at politics.
Where did E stay before her coronation?
She followed tradition by staying at the Tower of London.
In what form did she appear before the crowds of London previous to her reign?
In pageants.
She was quick to be crowned Queen, but within how many months?
2 months.
She halved the privy council to how many men?
20.
What did E quickly decide upon to create stability?
A religious settlement.
What did E have create to show who she was?
Impressive paintings
What else did E do to consolidate her power?
Went on progress around the country.
What religion was E raised?
Protestant by her mother and Catherine Parr.
What did Mary’s reign change about England?
England’s faith had reverted to Catholicism.
What was England struggling with the most after Mary’s reign?
Poor harvests, inflation and the costs of war with France.
A sweating sickness epidemic killed 5% of the people.
What dealt a blow by the war with France and England’s loss of Calais?
England’s pride, security and economy.
What were E’s 3 short term aims?
-Consolidate her position.
-Settlement of religious issues.
-Pursue a peaceful settlement with the French.
When and what was the first act of succession?
1534, made by H8, made E the first in line for the throne.
What was the second act of succession?
Removed E from the succession.
When and what was the third act of succession?
1543, H8 reinstated her succession.
Who did Edward removed E from the succession in favour for?
Lady Jane Grey.
Who named E the heir and what did she do?
Queen Mary named E as her heir and legitimised herself in the third act of succession but not E.
What four issues did E face when she ascended to the throne?
-Made illegitimate by h8’s act of succession.
-She was a woman.
-Unmarried and had no heir.
-Religion was the cause of rebellions and she needed to create a stable religious settlement.
What were E’s reasons for being reluctant towards marriage?
-Mary and Phillips marriage caused rebellion.
-Marrying an Englishman may cause factional rivalry.
-Fear of losing autonomy as Queen.
-She saw her father’s marriages.
How old was E when she became Queen?
25
Who was she proclaimed Queen by? What happened the same day?
Proclaimed by parliament the same day Mary died.
How many of Mary’s councillors pledged loyalty to E days after M’s death?
Nine
Who did E immediately appoint as her secretary?
Sir William Cecil.
What caused the succession crisis in 1562?
E developed smallpox, there was a strong possibility she would die.
Who were E’s potential successors?
Lady Catherine Grey, Mary Queen of Scots, Robert Dudley.
What ended the succession crisis in January 1563?
Parliament and E refused to marry or name an heir.
In 1559 why was E’s parliament called?
To settle the Queen’s authority over the church.
In 119 why were three bills introduced?
Reestablish E as head of the church and establish a protestant form of worship.
Why did E arrest to bishops?
Disobedience after removing protestantism.
What were the 39 articles?
The rules, regulations and practices of the Church of England.
Where were the 39 articles included?
Based on work of Cranmer, they were included in the common prayer book.
What did the 39 articles include?
-Allowing the clergy to get married
-Making the bible the most important part of religion.
-Denying transubstantiation.
What did the new book of prayer leave out?
‘Black Rubric’, which denied the real presence of Christ during the communion service and changed thew words said by the priest as he blessed the wine and bread.
What did E hope would happen with the new book of prayer?
It would enable people of differing religions to participate in the new national church.
What was E’s religious settlement designed to do?
Settle the divide between Catholics and Protestants and address the differences in services and beliefs.
Who did E work with to create the religious settlement?
Privy Council.
Why was E ‘supreme governor’ and not ‘supreme head’ of the Church?
To appease those who had doubts about a woman being head.
‘Supreme Governor’ brought back royal supremacy over the church, who got rid of it?
Established under H8 and revoked by Mary.
Who took the Oath of Supremacy?
Taken by the clergy but many Marian bishops refused to take the oath.
What did the Act of Uniformity do?
Uses a single book of common prayer to be used.
Church interiors and the clothes of clergymen were to be as they were in the 1549 prayer book.
Set up punishments for those who failed to use the prayer book or publicly objected.
Ordered everyone to attend Church on Sundays to participate in the new services. Fines were given if you didn’t attend.
Who ordered the Royal Injunctions 1559?
Drafted by Cecil and ordered the Clergy.
What did the Royal Injunctions 1559 order the Clergy to do?
-Observe royal supremacy and preach against superstition.
-Condemn images, relics and miracles.
-Report recusants to the privy council or JP’s.
-Marry only with permission of their bishop.
In government what was E protective of?
Her royal perogative.
What similar attribute did E have in government to her father?
She gave orders and instilled fear in her courtiers.
What did E do differently to her father?
Did not use executions.
E ruled using who in government?
Privy council.
Who did E often meet with in government?
Key councillors.
What was Cecil’s role?
Chief minister.
The council was dominated by who until the 1570s?
Protestants until the reformers joined.
What did E do when old councillors died?
Delayed replacing them or appointed younger sons.
What was patronage?
Involved showing favouritism by giving favoured people special jobs.
Why was patronage so successful?
It was highly corrupt but successful as it created competion and rivalries.
What jobs did E give male courtiers and key politicians as a part of patronage?
Male courtiers- political rules
Key politicians- places in court.
Who were E’s main advisors?
-William Cecil
-Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
-Sir Francis Walsingham
-Sir Christopher Hatton
-William Paulet, Marquis of Winchester
-Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex
-Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury.
What was the role of parliament?
Pass laws and provide taxation- also debated and petitioned the monarch on key issues which E didn’t like.
In her 44 year reign how many times did E call parliament?
Parliament only sat 13 times.
Who sat in the House of Commons?
MP’s- they weren’t paid so mainly rich landowners.
Who sat in the House of lords?
Members of nobility, bishops and other clergy as well as many of E’s privy councillors.
What do historians argue E’s refusal to allow parliaments freedom of speech caused?
It was a long term cause of civil war. By the end of E’s reign parliament were pushing for more freedom to say what they wanted.
Why were factions good for the country under E?
They often disagreed over the best ways to achieve E’s aims but weren’t generally disloyal.
Three examples of factional rivalries:
In 1558, William Cecil was most influential, controlling most policy and patronage but by 1560s Cecil had rivals:
-Robert Dudley, tried to marry E.
-Earl of Sussex, opposed Dudley’s attempts to marry E.
-1570s and 1580s saw cooperation between courtiers.
-E favoured Sir Christopher Hatton- causing jealousy.
What were monopolies?
Gave nobles and merchants the sole right to manufacture or sell particular goods.
What led to E withdrawing some monopolies?
Some MPs felt they were unfair and were being abused, they protested against them and refused to grant taxes until they were withdrawn.
What were E’s main foreign policy priorities?
-Fear of French Power in Scotland
-Fear of France
-Spain’s transformation from ally to arch enemy.
-England’s development as maritime power.
-Using her unmarried status as a diplomatic weapon.
-Protect cloth trade with Netherlands.
-Protection of Northern Borders.
Why was France heavily involved in Scotland’s rule?
Mary of Guise was ruling alongside her French brother, Francis Duke of Guise.
IN 1559, a protestant rebellion started in Scotland, what did England do?
Sent £5,000 of aid to the protestants.
What happened in the 1560 treaty of Edinburgh?
The removal of French and English troops in Scotland, MQS was seen as the Queen of Scotland and freedom of worship was allowed.
What treaty ended the Habsburg-Valois wars?
1559 treaty of Cateau-Cambresis.
Who was the 1562 French wars of religion between?
Huguenots and catholics, E reluctantly agreed to help the huguenots.
What did E agree to give to the Huguenots in aid?
Gave the leader (Louis I de bourbon) 140,000 crowns in the treaty of Richmond in return for Calais if they won.
What did the Huguenots do in response to E’s help ?
United with French Catholics against E to expel english troops from Le Havre.
Treaty of Toyes in 1564 ended all English involvement in french wars and religion.
E gave up rights to Calais in return for 120,000 crowns.
Who was highly influential in E’s foreign policy?
William Cecil, he saw France and Spain as threats, originally supported Spain in their rivalry with France, he was also instrumental in the Scottish treaties of Berwick and Edinburgh.
What were the two main areas of contention between England and Spain?
The Netherlands and the activities of English pirates in Spanish waters.
How did the Spanish Netherlands affect relations?
Revolt in Netherland helped undermine relations with London and Madrid.
E allowed sea beggars to use English harbours and mariners could search out markets overseas that were Spanish trading routes.
In 1563 what did Phillip ban all imports of ?
English cloth, E retaliated by banning all Spanish imports- both bans dropped in 1564.
Who was the treaty of nonsuch between? (1585)
Elizabeth and the Dutch rebels.
Why was the treaty of nonsuch a bug turning point?
E became directly involved in Spanish and Dutch affairs.
What did E send Dutch rebels in the treaty of nonsuch?
600,000 florins and 8000 troops.
What were the four causes of the Armada?
-E’s execution of MQS
-E’s intervention in the Netherlands
-Sea dog (pirates) attacks on Spanish gold, approved by E
-Generally worsening relationship between E and Phillip.
When and where was the armada first sighted?
Coast of Cornwall on 29th July 1588, warning beacons were lit.
What gave England an advantage in the Armada?
The troops from the Netherlands to help Spain were held up.
What happened in the attack of the armada?
-The english navy began bombarding the 7 mile long line of Spanish ships from a safe distance, using full range heavy guns.
-English sent 8 burning ships into the crowded harbour at Calais and panicked Spanish ships who cut their anchors and sailed out to sea to avoid catching fire.
-The disorganised fleet was attacked by the English.
How did the Armada end?
Superior English guns won, the devastated armada was forced to retreat to North Scotland.
Four consequences of the Armada?
-Half of the Original Armada was lost, around 15,000 men perished.
-Armada made England a world-class power.
-Introduction of effective long-range weapons
-E spent over £2m on the armada and helping Netherlands.
What was the role of the Earl of Leicester in the Armada?
-Urged E to help Dutch protestants
-Persuaded E to agree to treaty of Nonsuch
-Leicester led English troops, ignoring E’s advice to be cautious, making himself Governor-general of Netherlands.
-Dudley helped boost Netherland’s morale.
Who was MQS to E?
Mary was the granddaughter of H8’s sister Margaret.
Who was MQS’s parents?
James V scotland and Mary of Guise.
Where did MQS spend her childhood, who did she marry?
France, she married Francis, heir to French throne, becoming Queen of France in 1559.
Within a year Francis died and Mary was sent back to Scotland.
Why did Scotland not want MQS back?
She was catholic and they were a protestant country.
Who did MQS marry to become heir to English throne?
Her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, heir to english throne.
What happened in MQS and Lord Darnley’s marriage?
-They were unhappy
-Darnley was jealous of MQS’s secretary, David Rizzio.
-March 1566, Darnley had him murdered in front of MQS who was 6 months pregnant.
-1567, Darnley’s house blew up, he was found strangled inside.
-3 months later, MQS married the chief suspect, Earl of Bothwell.
Why was MQS removed from the scottish throne?
The scottish were outraged at her marrying her husbands possible murderer so she fled to england.
When was MQS sentenced to death?
1587
Why was E reluctant to kill MQS?
She was her cousin and she was scared of the consequences from her son, James VI.
How did MQS’s execution occur?
E signed the death warrant and entrusted it to a privy councillor.
10 members of the privy council, summoned by Cecil, without E’s knowledge, decided to carry out the sentence at once.
Why was MQS a threat to Elizabeth?
-M was catholic, and a figure head to many catholics wanting to usurp E.
-M was the next legal heir to the throne of England if E stayed unmarried without an heir.
-France recognised M as the rightful heir to England.
How long was MQS imprisoned in various english castles, what did E use her as?
19 years, becoming a political pawn in the hands of E.
What did E do when MQS asked her for help to regain her throne?
Insisted on an enquiry to see if M had murdered Lord Darnley bUt it was inconclusive.
What made MQS’s house arrest stricter?
Her involvement in many plots.
What were the two plots involving MQS’s marriages to the Duke of Norfolk?
-Rebellion of Northern Earls (1570)- no proof M was involved, E’s men easily put down the revolt.
-Ridolfi plot (1571), conspiracy to marry E to Duke of Norfolk- Duke executed, MQS under stricter house arrest.
What caused the failure of the Throckmorton plot of 1583-?
It was a foreign invasion planned to overthrow E but Walsingham’s spy foiled the plan. Spanish ambassador was expelled from England.
What was the Babington Plot of 1586?
Anthony Babington wrote letters to MQS, outlining E’s assassination.
The letters were written in code and exposed by Walsingham’s codebreaker.
What was the consequence of the Babington plot?
E signed MQS’s death warrant.
