Edward VI and Mary I Flashcards
What was Edward VI like as a child?
Never alone, very intelligent, loved archery and horse riding, serious and self disciplined, in good health before becoming king.
What did the population increase in 1547 put pressure on?
Food supply, jobs, rents and inflation.
When did E6 become king?
1547
What change was made to sheep farming in 1547?
Change from open field crop production to enclosed sheep farming.
Why was resentment growing towards the government in 1547?
Their increasing interference with religion and other public matters.
What caused a threat to financial security in 1547?
Over-ambitious foreign policy based on jealousy rivalry with France resulting in the debasement of the coinage and sale of crown lands.
What does debasement of the coinage mean?
Lowering the value of the coin.
What is the idea of ‘mid-tudor crisis’?
The traditional view of historians that, during E6 and M’s reigns, English government and society were on the verge of collapse.
What was the cause of the mid tudor crisis?
Weak rulers, economic pressure, rebellions and religious upheaval.
Why is the mid tudor crisis exaggerated?
It came between two strong rules, H8 and E.
What were E6’s strengths upon accession?
He could not be ignored or contradicted.
He was healthy.
He was highly intelligent, confident and opinionated.
He had high knowledge of the nobility and gentry.
Described as old beyond his years.
His uncle was his lord protector.
What was E6’s weakness upon accession?
He was only 9.
England was suffering from many problems- poverty & hardship, as well as religious upheaval.
H8 spent £2m on war with France.
Growing discontent over issues such as enclosure, and the breakdown of traditional village communities.
Who did H8 sever his relationship with in name and authority?
Roman Catholic Church.
Who did H8 remain faithful to the teachings of?
The teachings of Rome and had them embedded in the foundation of the Church of England.
What did H8 dissolve meaning they could not be recovered?
The monasteries.
Who was Edward Somerset, Duke of Somerset?
Brother of E6’s mother Jane. He had risen through the ranks under H8 through his military skill. He was a protestant reformer and encouraged to make sweeping changes to the English Church.
How much did Somerset earn through debasing the coinage?
£537,000 but inflation rose as a result.
What was the economy like under Somerset?
Rising population outstripped resources, poor harvest in 1548, food prices rose dramatically, value of wages fell by 50% between 1540 and 1550.
What did Somerset do about enclosure?
Appointed commissioners to investigate enclosure, introduced a tax upon sheep in 1548 in an attempt to curb enclosure.
What caused the Kett’s rebellion in 1549?
Sheep tax, inflation, unemployment, a poor harvest, increases in rent and the impact of enclosure.
Why did the Kett’s rebels think they would have Somerset’s support?
If they tore down local enclosures.
What did Kett’s rebels think about the clergy?
They were poorly educated and not good enough to advance Protestantism.
Who was Robert Kett?
A local landowner who led the rebellion and mobs that took over Norwich.
How did the Kett’s rebellion end?
Edward and Somerset sent down an army and took back the city, around 3000 rebels died. Kett was hung alive in chains from Norwich castle and left to rot.
What problems faced Somerset in 1547?
-H8 had run up huge debts.
-H8 had sold off Crown land.
-Increasing population
-Increased homelessness
-Avoid public disorder
-Decide whether to go to war with France.
Who did Somerset decide to isolate and who did he sign a defensive agreement with?
Isolate Scotland and sign agreement with France.
What did French King Henri II see as a national weakness ?
Any form of a defensive alliance with England.
Who won the Battle of Pinkie, 1547?
Henry II sent 4,000 troops to Scotland so Somerset led an attack against Scotland which he won.
What did Somerset rely on to control Scotland?
Garrisons which were often attacked by the Scots and he ignored please for help from the commanders.
Which marriage created a worrying alliance between France and Scotland?
Mary Queen of Scots was married to Henri’s son.
Why did Somerset not fight when relations between Scotland and France soured?
He was too broke so the foreign situation remained in limbo.
What caused the Western Rebellion in 1549?
The new prayer book and the impact of sheep tax on farmers.
What did the Western Rebellion want as the outcame?
Wanted to keep Latin in the Prayer book and church services.
Where did the Wester rebels meet and who was the leader?
Bodmin moor, Cornwall, Henry Bray and 2 strict Catholic landowners.
What city did the western rebels hold under siege for 6 weeks?
Exeter.
How was the western rebellion squashed?
Somerset sent some of his men and the rebellion was put down with the leaders hung, drawn and quatered.
What did the treason act of 1547 allow?
Religious issues to be discussed in the open and removed censorship.
What did the royal injunctions of 1547 do?
Attacked the practices of catholicism such as the use of candles, images, stained glass, processions and rituals linked to celebrations such as Palm sunday.
Which areas became more protestant under Somerset and which remained catholic?
South and South East became more protestant and Catholicism remained in rural areas of the north and south west.
How were Parish churches allowed to function between 1547-48?
As they pleased, leading to massive differences across the country.
Somerset introduced the Book of Common Prayer in May 1549, what was the reaction?
Sparked off the western rebellion in both the protestant east anglia and catholic devon and cornwall.
What led to Somerset’s fall?
-Arrogance which made him enemies.
-Inept and lost support.
-John Dudley showed better leadership.
-Factions at court conspired against him.
-Faced with choice of civil war, handed himself in- arrested in 1549.
-Executed in 1552.
What was Somerset like in government?
-Dictatorial
-Gave court household key positions.
-Progressive and believed inflation and suffering were caused by greed of men and religious issues could be solved by public discussion.
-Angered curt men by cutting them out.
-Made enemies due to progressive ideals
-Surrounded himself at court with reformers ( John Dudley and Viscount Cramner)
-Had his brother executed for trying to seize power.
Who was John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland?
-Father was Edmund Dudley (executed by H8)
-Son was Robert Dudley (E’s fave)
-Skilled soldier
-Battle of pinkie was joint effort from him and Somerset
-Joined privy council in 1553.
-Became Earl or Warwick and Lord Chamberlain.
-Wasn’t happy with somerset’s authority and eventually ousted him.
What did Northumberland achieve with the Treaty of Boulogne?
Brought an end to wars with Scotland and France, France paid 400,000 crowns for Boulogne and removed all men from Scotland.
What was the English public’s reaction to the treaty of Boulogne?
Saw it as a national disgrace and humiliating for England, Dudley believed it stopped England going bankrupt.
What marriage treaty did Dudley negotiate with France?
Edward VI would marry Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II, when she was 12, France would get a dowry of 200,000 crowns and England would be neutral in continental wars.
Who did the marriage treaty between E6 and Elizabeth anger?
Charles V (HRE) as England would support France and not him.
What was Dudley’s success with Scotland?
In 1552 an agreement established the Scottish border line.
Why did Dudley encourage explorers?
Search out new routes to develop trade like Sebastien Cabot who explored trade routes in the north Atlantic.
How did Dudley gain E6’s favour?
Sharing extremely protestant views as Edward began to exert his own influence on religion.
An example of two radicals Northumberland supported to spread protestanism?
John knox, and John Hooper.
Who wrote and published a new book of common prayer in 1552?
Thomas Cranmer.
What restrictions were made on the Church?
Church music was restricted, colourful vestments banned in favour for simpler dress and services for baptism, burial and conformation were simplified.
Assets such as church plate were also stripped.
What did the Forty-Two articles of religion lay out?
The central beliefs of the Protestant Church of England in 1553.
What were people less likely to leave to the church at the end of E6’s reign?
Possessions or money, catholicism had been stripped.
How much did Northumberland raise from selling Boulogne and what did he reduce?
Reduced crown expenditure, and raised £133,333.
Who were Northumberland’s skilled administrators and bureaucrats?
William Cecil, William Paulet, Sir Walter Mildmay, Sir Thomas Gresham.
What did Northumberland’s administrators and bureaucrats do?
Streamlined the outdated Court of Augmentations set up by Cromwell to redistribute monastic land and made the Exchequer more efficient and attempted to deal with debasement of coinage.
What had royal debt been reduced to by 1553?
£180,000.
What was successfully passed that increased tax to _?
Legislation to increase tax, March 1549 there was a 5% tax on personal property.
By 1551 what farming crisis had Northumberland relieved?
Taken actions to control stocks of grain to relieve the crisis caused by harvest failures.
Who did Northumberland use to keep law and order?
Lieutenants and retainers of trusted nobles.
What social issue was still growing under Northumberland?
The number of poor people, food prices increased by 10%.
What measures of Somerset’s did Northumberland not continue?
Anti-enclosure measures.
What did Northumberland utilise to get into power? (Similar to Somerset)
Factions.
Who appointed Dudley was Duke of Northumberlad?
He did
How had northumberland initially ruled collectively?
Collectively via a privy council calling himself Lord President of the Council.
How did Northumberland gain power?
Following Somerset’s plot to regain power and execution in 1552m Dudley gained control of the dry stamp of the King’s signature allowing him to rule alone.
Who did Northumberland try to change the succession to and why?
Edward was ill from 1552, so Northumberland tried to appoint his daughter-in-law as next in line for which he was executed by Mary and Lady Jane Grey.
What was the succession crisis of 1553?
E6’s health was failing quickly, H8’s will stated, should Edward die childless, Mary should be Queen.
What was the issue with Mary becoming Queen?
She was Catholic and would undo protestant reforms.
Who did Northumberland convince E6 to change the succession to?
Disinherit Mary and Elizabeth in favour for Lady Jane Grey who he married to his son Guilford Dudley, to remain in power.
When was the succession change made by E6?
June 1553 by a letters patent.
How did Church services do under Cranmer?
Flourished, and were translated into Enlgish.
What did the treason act repealed allow?
Allowed people to worship freely without fear.
What did the religious reforms cause?
A western rebellion and even more diversity.
Who attended privy council meetings with Northumberland by 1552?
Edward
What did E6 successfully pass which upheld protestantism?
All religious legislation.
What about E6 caused challenges and potential unrest?
He was a minor.
What made Somerset unpopular?
Arrogance, lack of ability and his appointment went against H8’s will.
What was the vagrancy act passed by Somerset in 1547?
If able bodied people were out of work for more than three days they could be branded and sold to slavery for two years.
How much had parliamentary taxes raised under E6?
£336,000
How much did Scottish campaigns cost England?
£580,000
What strengthened Mary’s claim to the throne?
-She was next in line to the succession after her brother died.
-She was named by her father as 2nd in line to accession after Edward VI.
-It was this blood claim and her father’s will which garnered her support from the English people.
Who was Lady Jane Grey?
H8’s great niece and a protestant
Before the change to the succession where in line was LJG to the throne?
Fifth
How did LJG feel about going to the throne after E6’s death?
Reluctant.
What happened nine days after LJG became Queen?
She was imprisoned by Mary.
Why and when was LJG executed?
A year after her imprisonment after her father was involved in the Wyatt rebellion.
What was the Duke of Northumberland’s lack of appeal?
-Made enemies with his dealing with factions at court.
-Did nothing for the poor, did not support anti-enclosures, sided with greedy landowners.
-Ruthless with the poor including the suppression of rebellions.
-Tried to oust Mary
What was Mary’s background?
-Happy childhood, devoted to her mother.
-Educated by her mum.
-Hated Anne Boleyn, also resented Elizabeth.
What happened between Mary and Charles V?
They were engaged but Charles ended it when H8 refused to send her to Spain immediately with her large dowry.
How old was Mary when she became queen?
37 and had never been married.
How popular was Mary in 1553?
Widespread popular support and her forces numbered 20,000.
Triumphant entry to London in 1553
People celebrated in the streets and rung bells.
Held bonfires and feasts to celebrate.
How long did Dudley keep E6’s death a secret for?
3 days.
Who was Mary’s major opponent to her succession?
Duke of Northumberland who tried to block her succession.
Why was Thomas Cranmer an issue to Mary’s succession?
He signed E6’s letter patent and had been instrumental in the break with Rome causing her mother’s divorce from H8.
Why was the Duke of Suffolk an issue to Mary’s succession?
He was the father to LJG, he supported Northumberland and rebelled against mary.
What did Dudley fail to do to Mary when announcing Jane’s succession?
Secure Mary, she fled to East Anglia.
Where was M residing when she proclaimed herself queen?
Framlingham castle in Norfolk.
Who did M demand see her as their queen?
She sent a message to the council demanding they recognise her as queen and called out to her people for support.
When was M proclaimed queen?
19th July 1553, by the mayor of london and later Northumberland.
How many councillors did M appoint in her reign?
50
How many people were in M’s working council?
20 trusted advisors who led the day to day running of the country.
In 1554 the councillors established a system of committees to deal with what?
Matter such as naval administration and the sale of Crown lands
What was the select council?
Phillip helped M establish an ‘inner council’ of 9 trustworthy men in 1555.
When Phillip left England and Gardiner died who dominated?
Paget dominated and completed the reforms, establishing a conciliar government.
Who had M packed her privy council with?
Loyalists, full of pro-catholic supporters who had helped her gain the throne.
Who never attended the privy council?
Mary and later Phillip, but both were very aware of all actions taken by the council.
Who and what was the role of Cardinal Reginald Pole?
Arrived in England, 1554 as papal legate.
Formally restored England to papal obedience.
In 1555 he was appointed cardinal.
In 1556 he became archbishop of canterbury.
Close advisor to Mary and her cousin, he died 6 hours after her.
Phillip II’s role:
-provided advice and influence
-In close contact with the pro-Catholic group within the privy council, even after he left England.
What years was Phillip II in England?
Mid 1554 to late 1555.
M’s 3 chief ministers:
-Bishop Stephen Gardiner
-William Paget
-Sir William Paulet, Marquis of Winchester.
Bishop Stephen Gardiner as chief minister:
-Key catholic voice on the council and had been a key pro-catholic figure in H8’s reign
-Imprisoned in Edward’s reign.
-Re-appointed bishop of Winchester under M & lord chancellor.
William Paget as chief minister:
-Highly skilled political operator & protestant
-Served under Somerset
-Sent to the Tower but was restored to favour in 1553
-Quickly made peace with M I after initially supporting LJG
-Became her councillor and Lord Privy Seal in 1556
Sir William Paulet, Marquis of Winchester as chief minister:
-Returned as Lord treasurer at the age of 74
-He had served during the reign of H7.
Who was Simon Renard?
Ambassador for HRE, Charles V.
Simon Renard’s role in M’s reign:
-Negotiated M’s marriage to Phillip
-Advised Mary on many other matters, including religion and regained her trust.
-Recalled back to Spain in the autumn of 1555 at his own request.
Two main factions in Mary’s government:
Pro-catholics and Conservatives.
Factional rivalries in M’s government:
-Many of the Conservatives had remained from E’s reign and were out-numbered by the pro-Catholics
-Factional rivalries did impact on policies, like friction between Gardiner and Paget.
What divorce was annulled to establish legitimacy of M?
Divorce of Queen Catherine.
What laws were repealed? (M)
Treason.
Two acts of Uniformity repealed to sweep away what? (M)
Religious changes of the last six years.
Whose revival of power did Parliament refuse? (M)
Papal power and kept M’s title of Supreme head of the Church.
Parliament refused ti attach a penalty for people failing to attend where? (M)
Catholic Mass.
Who did parliament ask M to marry that she refused?
An Englishman.
Parliament passed the ratification of M and Phillips marriage. What is a ratification?
The action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid.
M’s proposed Heresy Bills were defeated. What were they designed to do? When did it finally pass?
Stop people speaking out against Catholicism.
1554
Who did parliament agree on a reunion with? On what terms?
Rome, if they kept their land.
There was a raised taxation for war with France. What did every section of society have to contribute? (M)
Men, horses and equiptment.
When did M meet Phillip, when did they marry?
July 1554, they married two days later.
What was Phillips opinions on M?
She was 11 years older and he found her childlike in her manner towards love and marriage, he immediately resolved to get back to Spain as soon as possible.
What was public reaction to Spanish influence (M)?
Hostile.
How did the marriage treaty between M and Phillip tried to appease people?
-Phillip was called King but had no power
-No foreigners could hold English offices
-If M died first then Phillip had no claim over the English throne.
What was the overall effects of M’s marriage in England?
Damaged royal authority and was deeply unpopular.
What trade had continued to decline in M’s reign and what is a reason it shouldn’t have?
The Antwerp cloth trade despite her marriage to Phillip who had inherited the Netherlands.
Two main explorers M backed, and what did they try to find?
Richard Chancellor and Sir Hugh Willoughby, tried to find a North-East sea passage to the indies.
Which two places did M’s government also encourage trade with?
Morocco and The Guinea Coast. This trade though was small fry.
In March 1557 where did Phillip convince M to support Spain against?
France.
When did England declare war with France, and following what?(M)
June 1557.
Following the landing of french troops in Scarborough led by Thomas Stafford, grandson of Duke of Buckingham (executed in 1521).
Why was the privy council reluctant to agree to war? (M)
They new England could not afford a foreign war.
To make matters worse, who supported France meaning they were at war with England?(M)
Pope Paul IV, M was at war with the Papacy.
August 1557 the English army helped the Spanish in the successful siege of _____?(M)
St. Quentin
English army was easily able to to deal with a minor incursion by who?(M)
Scottish forces
When did French forces defeat the garrison in Calais?(M)
January 1558
Why did the loss of Calais hit M so hard?
It was England’s last remaining possession on European mainland.
In the summer of 1558 England found the money to finance how many soldiers and ships, to attack where?(M)
7,000 soldiers and 140 ships to attack Brest in France.
What was the outcome for England after the war with France?(M)
Humiliating.
What foreign ship did M use as an example when reforming the navy?
Spanish Galleons
In M’s reforms in the navy how many ships were scrapped and how many new? How many were available by 1557?
14 ships scrapped and 6 new ones built. 21 ships by 1557.
What changes within the navy that increased England’s military standing on the European stage?(M)
Naval finance was reorganised, better organised in general and managed better than ever.
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis 1559? (M)
Between Spain and France to start lasting peace and settle all territorial disputes, it lasted 150 years.
What did the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis result in?(M)
-Gave Calais back to France for 8 years
-France agreed not to support MQS’ claim to English throne
-Spain remained dominant power
Who did Phillip II of Spain agree to marry as a part of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?
Henry II of France’s daughter Elisabeth.
Under Edward, Northumberland sold, where, back to France?
Boulogne
What about Edward’s foreign policy angered Charles V ?
Peace deal with France
Why was Mary pro-habsburg?
Marriage to Phillip II, Charles V’s son.
What years did Henri II rule Scotland?
1547-1559
By the time of Edward’s death what did the Church of England have?
Protestant characteristics
Legally by 1553 what was the Church of England?
Protestant
What did the first Statute of Repeal in 1553 do?(M)
-Edward’s religious laws were repealed
-The order of service as at the time of H8 was restored.
-All clergy who had married could be deprived of their livings.
What did the Second Statute of Repeal, 1555 do?(M)
-Denying Catholicism would result in burning
-Act of supremacy repealed and a reunion with Rome was agreed.
Marian reforms- what was the punishment for denying Catholic doctrine, or heresy?
Burning
When were the first burnings for Heresy?
February 1555
How many people were burned in M’s first burnings ?
289 Protestants, including 3 bishops, Cranmer, Hooper and Ridley
What was a synod?
A meeting of bishops called by the papal legate to improve work of the bishops.
What did Cardinal Pole hold a synod to discuss? (M)
Clear expectations.
-Bishops should stay in the dioceses,
-Were to preach
-Were to be more rigorous in administering their parishes.
Why was Cranmer executed?(M)
He had been the guiding force behind the introduction of Protestantism in Edward’s reign. He had recanted under M but had later withdrew in recantation.
Where and when was Cranmer burnt?(M)
Burnt at the stake in the centre of Oxford in 1556
What was M’s last block to religious settlement?
Monastic lands
Why did M threatened to abdicate over the issue of monastic lands?
Mary’s third parliament made clear to Pope Julius III and his papal legate monastic lands would be returned to the church. Pole and the councillors held a furious debate (M threatening to abdicate)
The Second Act of Repeal in 1555 meant that what was not part of the the deal?
Church land’s returning to the Pope
What happened to foreign protestants?(M)
Forced to leave the country in 1553.
How did Stephen Gardiner deal with protestants as a devout catholic? (M)
He urged caution and restraint when dealing with protestants.
What was Gardiner’s view on the burning of protestants?
He supported the execution the first few times out of hope it would frighten other protestants but did not believe in a wholesale campaign against them.
After Gardiner’s death who became more influential, and what did they do?
Pole became more influential in Mary’s decision making and he persuaded Mary that is was their sacred duty to rid England and Wales of heretics (heresy)
What was Paget’s roles throughout the reigns he was alive?
-Respected adviser to H8
-Edward VI had him arrested for conspiracy with the Duke of Somerset
-Mary appointed him to her Privy Council
-Conflict with Gardiner over his policies
-Retired from public with when E became Queen
What plummeted M’s popularity?
Persecution of catholics and her marriage to Phillip II.
The more measures she put against protestantism
What was M’s nickname?
Bloody Mary.
What was heresy considered?
An infection of the body that had to be erased so as to not poison society.
What protestant material meant you would be punished with execution according to the 1558 law?
Protestant literature.
How many people were burned at the stake and became protestant martyrs? (M)
300
How many foreign protestants were forced to leave the country?
800
Marys religious failures:
-300 protestants burned
-Religious diversity issue
-Edward VI religious settlement was legal in law
-Monastic lands
-Mary and pope in conflict
-Deaths or Mary and Pole led to restoration of catholic church
Marys religious successes:
-Enthusiasm for catholicism upon succession
-Foreign protestants left
-Repealed religious reforms
-Cardinal pole as archbishop of canterbury to restore catholicism
-Relinquished ‘supreme head of the church’ title in 1553
What was Foxes book of martyrs?
A detailed account of each and every martyr who died for their faith under the catholic church.
Economic problems under M:
-Population growth
-Inflation
-Drop in value of wages
-Bad harvests
-Sweating
-Sickness
What year did a form of influenza sweep through the country and what was it known as? (M)
Sweating sickness, 1557-1558
How many people were killed by diseases and how did that change with the sweating sickness? (M)
1 in 10 people died of sickness with more than doubled.
What % did the population fall by between 1556 and 1561 as a result of deaths from illness and famine?
5%
What were the impacts of population rise and inflation?
-Increased demand
-Debasement of the coinage by H and E left long term issues
-Drop in value of real wages of rural labourers (40%)
How did royal finances solve economic measures?
-Expenditure at court rose at first but cuts were made and by 1557 there was a modest surplus in the exchequer from ordinary revenue.
How did crown lands solve economic measures?
M sold off crown lands worth £5000 pa in 1554 and another £8000 pa in 1557, good short term not long.
How did the court of first fruits and tenths solve economic measures?
Set up to deal with funds previously gone to the pope and court of augmentations which was set up to deal with income from new monastic lands.
How did recoinage solve economic measures?
It didn’t, m set up plans for this but Elizabeth brought it in
How did customs duties solve economic measures?
Increased substantially from £29,000 to £83,000 a new book of rates set out new levels of export tax on a wide range of products.
How did attainders solve economic measures?
Used against some nobles and gentry like the duke of Northumberland.
What else did not help with food shortages due to demand?(M)
Bad harvests in 1555 and 1556
How did M attempt to help the poor?
Poor relief was introduced which licensed beggars to display badges.
A law stopped ____ hoarding in the time of the famine…
Grain
Causes of the Wyatt rebellion:
A fear of England becoming catholic again and opposition to M’s marriage
What was the Wyatt rebellion’s plan?
Remove M, make Elizabeth Queen and marry her to Edward Courtenay- who marry already rejected as a husband.
Where would the three Wyatt rebellions take place?
Midlands, west country and Kent
Why was the Wyatt rebellion plot a failure?
Renard reported Courteney who confessed to Gardiner
What happened to Wyatt’s troops?
He led his 4,000 troops to london where he was defeated by M’s army
Who were executed as a result of Wyatts rebellion?
Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk and LJG, Suffolk’s daughter, along with 90 other people.
