Edward VI and Mary I Flashcards
What was Edward VI like as a child?
Never alone, very intelligent, loved archery and horse riding, serious and self disciplined, in good health before becoming king.
What did the population increase in 1547 put pressure on?
Food supply, jobs, rents and inflation.
When did E6 become king?
1547
What change was made to sheep farming in 1547?
Change from open field crop production to enclosed sheep farming.
Why was resentment growing towards the government in 1547?
Their increasing interference with religion and other public matters.
What caused a threat to financial security in 1547?
Over-ambitious foreign policy based on jealousy rivalry with France resulting in the debasement of the coinage and sale of crown lands.
What does debasement of the coinage mean?
Lowering the value of the coin.
What is the idea of ‘mid-tudor crisis’?
The traditional view of historians that, during E6 and M’s reigns, English government and society were on the verge of collapse.
What was the cause of the mid tudor crisis?
Weak rulers, economic pressure, rebellions and religious upheaval.
Why is the mid tudor crisis exaggerated?
It came between two strong rules, H8 and E.
What were E6’s strengths upon accession?
He could not be ignored or contradicted.
He was healthy.
He was highly intelligent, confident and opinionated.
He had high knowledge of the nobility and gentry.
Described as old beyond his years.
His uncle was his lord protector.
What was E6’s weakness upon accession?
He was only 9.
England was suffering from many problems- poverty & hardship, as well as religious upheaval.
H8 spent £2m on war with France.
Growing discontent over issues such as enclosure, and the breakdown of traditional village communities.
Who did H8 sever his relationship with in name and authority?
Roman Catholic Church.
Who did H8 remain faithful to the teachings of?
The teachings of Rome and had them embedded in the foundation of the Church of England.
What did H8 dissolve meaning they could not be recovered?
The monasteries.
Who was Edward Somerset, Duke of Somerset?
Brother of E6’s mother Jane. He had risen through the ranks under H8 through his military skill. He was a protestant reformer and encouraged to make sweeping changes to the English Church.
How much did Somerset earn through debasing the coinage?
£537,000 but inflation rose as a result.
What was the economy like under Somerset?
Rising population outstripped resources, poor harvest in 1548, food prices rose dramatically, value of wages fell by 50% between 1540 and 1550.
What did Somerset do about enclosure?
Appointed commissioners to investigate enclosure, introduced a tax upon sheep in 1548 in an attempt to curb enclosure.
What caused the Kett’s rebellion in 1549?
Sheep tax, inflation, unemployment, a poor harvest, increases in rent and the impact of enclosure.
Why did the Kett’s rebels think they would have Somerset’s support?
If they tore down local enclosures.
What did Kett’s rebels think about the clergy?
They were poorly educated and not good enough to advance Protestantism.
Who was Robert Kett?
A local landowner who led the rebellion and mobs that took over Norwich.
How did the Kett’s rebellion end?
Edward and Somerset sent down an army and took back the city, around 3000 rebels died. Kett was hung alive in chains from Norwich castle and left to rot.
What problems faced Somerset in 1547?
-H8 had run up huge debts.
-H8 had sold off Crown land.
-Increasing population
-Increased homelessness
-Avoid public disorder
-Decide whether to go to war with France.
Who did Somerset decide to isolate and who did he sign a defensive agreement with?
Isolate Scotland and sign agreement with France.
What did French King Henri II see as a national weakness ?
Any form of a defensive alliance with England.
Who won the Battle of Pinkie, 1547?
Henry II sent 4,000 troops to Scotland so Somerset led an attack against Scotland which he won.
What did Somerset rely on to control Scotland?
Garrisons which were often attacked by the Scots and he ignored please for help from the commanders.
Which marriage created a worrying alliance between France and Scotland?
Mary Queen of Scots was married to Henri’s son.
Why did Somerset not fight when relations between Scotland and France soured?
He was too broke so the foreign situation remained in limbo.
What caused the Western Rebellion in 1549?
The new prayer book and the impact of sheep tax on farmers.
What did the Western Rebellion want as the outcame?
Wanted to keep Latin in the Prayer book and church services.
Where did the Wester rebels meet and who was the leader?
Bodmin moor, Cornwall, Henry Bray and 2 strict Catholic landowners.
What city did the western rebels hold under siege for 6 weeks?
Exeter.
How was the western rebellion squashed?
Somerset sent some of his men and the rebellion was put down with the leaders hung, drawn and quatered.
What did the treason act of 1547 allow?
Religious issues to be discussed in the open and removed censorship.
What did the royal injunctions of 1547 do?
Attacked the practices of catholicism such as the use of candles, images, stained glass, processions and rituals linked to celebrations such as Palm sunday.
Which areas became more protestant under Somerset and which remained catholic?
South and South East became more protestant and Catholicism remained in rural areas of the north and south west.
How were Parish churches allowed to function between 1547-48?
As they pleased, leading to massive differences across the country.
Somerset introduced the Book of Common Prayer in May 1549, what was the reaction?
Sparked off the western rebellion in both the protestant east anglia and catholic devon and cornwall.
What led to Somerset’s fall?
-Arrogance which made him enemies.
-Inept and lost support.
-John Dudley showed better leadership.
-Factions at court conspired against him.
-Faced with choice of civil war, handed himself in- arrested in 1549.
-Executed in 1552.
What was Somerset like in government?
-Dictatorial
-Gave court household key positions.
-Progressive and believed inflation and suffering were caused by greed of men and religious issues could be solved by public discussion.
-Angered curt men by cutting them out.
-Made enemies due to progressive ideals
-Surrounded himself at court with reformers ( John Dudley and Viscount Cramner)
-Had his brother executed for trying to seize power.
Who was John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland?
-Father was Edmund Dudley (executed by H8)
-Son was Robert Dudley (E’s fave)
-Skilled soldier
-Battle of pinkie was joint effort from him and Somerset
-Joined privy council in 1553.
-Became Earl or Warwick and Lord Chamberlain.
-Wasn’t happy with somerset’s authority and eventually ousted him.
What did Northumberland achieve with the Treaty of Boulogne?
Brought an end to wars with Scotland and France, France paid 400,000 crowns for Boulogne and removed all men from Scotland.
What was the English public’s reaction to the treaty of Boulogne?
Saw it as a national disgrace and humiliating for England, Dudley believed it stopped England going bankrupt.
What marriage treaty did Dudley negotiate with France?
Edward VI would marry Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II, when she was 12, France would get a dowry of 200,000 crowns and England would be neutral in continental wars.
Who did the marriage treaty between E6 and Elizabeth anger?
Charles V (HRE) as England would support France and not him.
What was Dudley’s success with Scotland?
In 1552 an agreement established the Scottish border line.
Why did Dudley encourage explorers?
Search out new routes to develop trade like Sebastien Cabot who explored trade routes in the north Atlantic.
How did Dudley gain E6’s favour?
Sharing extremely protestant views as Edward began to exert his own influence on religion.
An example of two radicals Northumberland supported to spread protestanism?
John knox, and John Hooper.
Who wrote and published a new book of common prayer in 1552?
Thomas Cranmer.
What restrictions were made on the Church?
Church music was restricted, colourful vestments banned in favour for simpler dress and services for baptism, burial and conformation were simplified.
Assets such as church plate were also stripped.
What did the Forty-Two articles of religion lay out?
The central beliefs of the Protestant Church of England in 1553.
What were people less likely to leave to the church at the end of E6’s reign?
Possessions or money, catholicism had been stripped.
How much did Northumberland raise from selling Boulogne and what did he reduce?
Reduced crown expenditure, and raised £133,333.
Who were Northumberland’s skilled administrators and bureaucrats?
William Cecil, William Paulet, Sir Walter Mildmay, Sir Thomas Gresham.
What did Northumberland’s administrators and bureaucrats do?
Streamlined the outdated Court of Augmentations set up by Cromwell to redistribute monastic land and made the Exchequer more efficient and attempted to deal with debasement of coinage.
What had royal debt been reduced to by 1553?
£180,000.
What was successfully passed that increased tax to _?
Legislation to increase tax, March 1549 there was a 5% tax on personal property.
By 1551 what farming crisis had Northumberland relieved?
Taken actions to control stocks of grain to relieve the crisis caused by harvest failures.
Who did Northumberland use to keep law and order?
Lieutenants and retainers of trusted nobles.
What social issue was still growing under Northumberland?
The number of poor people, food prices increased by 10%.
What measures of Somerset’s did Northumberland not continue?
Anti-enclosure measures.
What did Northumberland utilise to get into power? (Similar to Somerset)
Factions.
Who appointed Dudley was Duke of Northumberlad?
He did
How had northumberland initially ruled collectively?
Collectively via a privy council calling himself Lord President of the Council.
How did Northumberland gain power?
Following Somerset’s plot to regain power and execution in 1552m Dudley gained control of the dry stamp of the King’s signature allowing him to rule alone.
Who did Northumberland try to change the succession to and why?
Edward was ill from 1552, so Northumberland tried to appoint his daughter-in-law as next in line for which he was executed by Mary and Lady Jane Grey.
What was the succession crisis of 1553?
E6’s health was failing quickly, H8’s will stated, should Edward die childless, Mary should be Queen.
What was the issue with Mary becoming Queen?
She was Catholic and would undo protestant reforms.
Who did Northumberland convince E6 to change the succession to?
Disinherit Mary and Elizabeth in favour for Lady Jane Grey who he married to his son Guilford Dudley, to remain in power.
When was the succession change made by E6?
June 1553 by a letters patent.
How did Church services do under Cranmer?
Flourished, and were translated into Enlgish.
What did the treason act repealed allow?
Allowed people to worship freely without fear.
What did the religious reforms cause?
A western rebellion and even more diversity.
Who attended privy council meetings with Northumberland by 1552?
Edward
What did E6 successfully pass which upheld protestantism?
All religious legislation.
What about E6 caused challenges and potential unrest?
He was a minor.
What made Somerset unpopular?
Arrogance, lack of ability and his appointment went against H8’s will.
What was the vagrancy act passed by Somerset in 1547?
If able bodied people were out of work for more than three days they could be branded and sold to slavery for two years.
