Henry VIII (1509-1547) Flashcards
1
Q
what were some domestic policies under Thomas wolesy’s reign as key advisor to Henry VIII from 1518-1529?
A
- the privy chamber
- eltham ordiances
- the tudor subsidy (1523) and the amnicable grant (1525)
- the chancery
- the chamber of star court
2
Q
how did wolsey reform the use of the chamber of star court?
A
- re eneergised the use of the chamber of star court as a way to provide everyone with cheap and fair justice (1516)
- also used the chamber of star court as a way to deal with private grievances but had to establish a more permenant commitee in 1529 to deal with the overflow tribunals due to immense sucess in the use of the chamber of star court
3
Q
how did wolsey reform the use of eltham ordiances ?
A
- used eltham ordiances in 1526 as a way to reduce the crown’s expenditure due to the crown having high levels of expenditure
- removed men from the privy chamber which was one of the only chambers of government which he did not have control over
- wolsey didn’t like the men of the privy chamber and had a deep level of distrust for them
- removed the groom of the stool sir william compton and replaced him with henry norris as he was more compliant to the orders of wolsey
4
Q
how did wolsey reform the privvy chamber?
A
- 1519 purged the privvy chamber and removed many of the men for the privy chamber from power as the deeply distrusted him and he didn’t have control or power over the privy chamber
- limited the power of the chamber which may oppose his power as key advisor to Henry VIII
- many of henry ViIi’s minions gained office in this chamber before 1519
5
Q
how did wolsey use/ reform the use of subsidies during his time as key advisor to henry VIII?
A
- 1523, use of a national committee which he himself headed in order to asses the wealth of taxpayers and give a more realistic figure for the amount of extrodinary revenue which could be gained via this process as previosuly the crown had used local commissioners to asses the wealth of taxpayers and they were more likely to give the taxpayers fairer rates of tax this way
- wolsey helped to gain extrodinary revenue for campaigns to france this way during 1513 and 1514
6
Q
how did wolsey use the chancery/reform the use of the chancery during his time as key advisor to henry VIII?
A
- wolsey was head of the chancery despite not being a lawyer/ legally trained
- the chancery was the main court of equity in the UK during this period
- used the court of chancery as a way to uphold what he deamed to be ‘fair justice’
- wolesy was lord chancellor + was therefore in control of the king’s finances
7
Q
when was Thomas cromwell Henry VIII’s advisor?
A
1532-1540
8
Q
how did Thomas Cromwell become a key advisor to Henry VIII?
A
- had elevated his position under Thomas Wolsey
- provided Henry with a solution which would allow for a break from Rome and therefore achieved a divorce/ annulment from Catherine of Aragon
- ended the councilliar form of government which Henry VIII had implemented from 1529-1532 after the fall from power of wolesy
9
Q
what did the English bible (1537) act entail?
A
- set of inunctions which meant that all churchs had a copy of the bible in english rather than in latin as it would have been before the break from Rome under the catholic faith
- protestant policy - was in english and supported the protestant view that members of the clergy should be able to form personal relationships with god without having the priest act as the middle man
- Thomas Cromwell paid
£400 of his own money towards the cause to have 3000 copies of the bible in english printed in 1539 - shows how strongly key advisors to henry VIII felt with regards to relgious reform that they were willing to put their own money towards the cause
10
Q
what did the act of six articles (1539) entail?
A
- reasserted catholic doctrine by, confirms the act of transubstantiation was present during the church service,priests may not marry or have romantic relationships,vows of chastity must be made by monks and nuns and the 6th article re confirms the importance of confession within the congregation
- very catholic piece of legislation with no protestant elements included
- probes the question of how far did england actually break with rome ?
11
Q
what did The King’s book (1543) entail?
A
revisited the bishop’s book and defended transubstantiation, the act of 6 articles, encoraged the act of preaching and attacked the use of images and statues within the church
- with this article the lines between cathlolicism and protestantism become more blurred as this act has both Catholic and Protestant elements included in it
12
Q
what did the act of 10 articles entail?
A
- the act of 10 articles laid out that there were to only be 3 sacraments used within the church (baptism,penannce and the eucharist)
- outlawed praying to saints for remission of sins but praying to saints for other purposes was deamed to be laudable (ok)
- another act which adopts elements of Cathlolicism and protestantism, begs the question of how far did England actually break from rome?
- was England actually still catholic rather than protestant
13
Q
what did the second bishop’s book (1537) lay out?
A
- restored the 4 sacraments which were reuced to 3 by the act of 10 articles however gave much less weight of importance to the 4x sacraments within the church
- images of god now shouldn’t be worshipped
14
Q
what did the act of the supplication against the ordinaries (march 1532) entail ?
A
- put a political focus on cases of alleged abuses of ordinary juristiction eg. that of the bishops and archbishops exersciesd within church law as at this time the church had it’s own separate legal system
- increase levels of anticlerical pressure within the house of commons
- allowed Henry to break from Rome as it meant that high up individuals within the church can no longer act in attack of the churches legal system
15
Q
what did the act for the submission of the clergy (may 1532) entail?
A
- a formal surrender of the church’s independant law making function, meaning that the Church no longer had their own independant legal system
- helped Henry VIII to carry out a break from Rome as it increased the powers of the crown and the state whilst simulaniously decreacing the powers of the church. Therefore members of the church can no longer escape the law which signifies the prominance and importance of the state over the church as the church is the second most powerful organisation/ concentration of power in england at this time.
Elevated the power of the state
16
Q
what did ‘clergy collectively accusec of pramenurie and fined’ (1531) entail ?
A
- meant that members of the church had to swear an oath to acknowledge that the king was ‘protector and the supreme head of the church of England as far as the law of christ allowed’
- meant that the king was now the supreme head of the church of england, the pope no longer had power over the englsih church
- the pope could no longer threaten the authority of the crown in Englannd and have a form of significant influence abroad in this way.
- could’t order members of the catholic church to go against the orders of the monarch via the use of papal edict
pramenurie also meant that members of the clergy could be accused of putting the interests of the pope above the needs of the monarch which meant that they could be accused of treason - an effective way to remove oppisittion
17
Q
what did the act in conditional restraint of the annates (january 1532) entail ?
A
- meant that any forms of revenue paid to the catholic church would be held by the crown and not given back to the pope in Rome.
- helped henry to achieve a break from rome as it put pressure on the papacy by withholding the first year’s income from the papcy which wouls traditionally be given to the papcy. #
- financial pressures being put onto ROME
18
Q
what did the act in restraint of appeals (april 1533) entail?
A
- the monarch possessed an imperial juristiction which wasn’t subject to any foreign power eg. the pope/rome
- appeals could’t be made to rome with regards to church court cases in causes matromonial (marriage) or other areas
- COFA couldn’t appeal to rome with regards to her annulment of marriage from Henry VIII
- No one can oppose any religious changes/ reforms made by Henry VIII which meant that
19
Q
renewal of the treaty of etaples (1510)
A
- a continuation of the peace from the (1492) initial Treaty of Etaples signed by Henry VII
- Henry VIII wasn’t keen on the renewal of this treaty - wanted to pursue personal warrior king like foreign policy aims
- reluctantly signed the treaty after being convinced by his councillers
20
Q
first invasion of France (1512)
A
- failed to gain any land for personal use
- largely just supporting spain in their attempts to divert and allow Spain to capture Navare (Ferdinand of Spain wanted to capture Navare)
- 12,000 english troops
- many english troops died whilst waiting for Spanish Troops - many became ill and were recalled
- lasted 2x months
21
Q
second invasion of France (1513) - The Battle of The Spurs
A
- managed to capture Theoruanne and Tournai
- however these areas were sold back to France soon after in (1518)
- small areas of terretory which would be difficult and expensive to upkeep but also not key areas of France which England would actually need to have control over
- Henry VIII personally lead 30,000 troops into battle
- was explotied and portrayed as a large military victory - used as propoganda by Henry VIII
22
Q
The Battle of Flodden (1513)
A
- whilst Henry VIII was away campaining in France James IV of scotland sent a small force over the border in an attempt to launch an invasion of England
- failed as was crushed by English forces under the effective command of The Earl of Surrey
- many of the Scottish nobility lay dead on the battlefield and so did James IV of Scotland
- limited threat to England now
- Margaret Henry VIII’s sister rules over Scotland as regent - signifcantly reduced the threat that Scotland could pose to English national security
23
Q
The Anglo - French Treaty (1514)
A
- Ferdinand and Max were no longer as interested in invading France as they previously had been
- negotiating with Louis XII of France behind Henry VIII’s back for separate peace treaties
- Pope Leo X also favoured peace over war in Europe
24
Q
The Field of The Cloth of Gold (1520)
A
- a gathering which had been organised by Henry VIII for 2 weeks in June 1520 to meet with Francis I of France
- £15,000 to organise and Henry VIII lost a wrestling match to Francis I of France
- made little impact on England’s diplomatic position in Europe and was costly to organise
- underlying personal/ political rivalries between Henry VIII and Francis I of France
- arguably caused Henry to ally with Spain the following year in the Treaty of Bruges (1521)
25
The Treaty of Bruges (1521)
- conflict between Francis I of France and Charles V of the HRE and Spain
- negotiated by Cardinal Wolsey
- Henry VIII sided with Charles V of HRE and Spain - arguably an example of an anti-french treaty
- Henry VIII was now allied with Spain,HRE and the Netherlands which were the largest diplomatic powers in Europe at the time
- Henry VIII had achieved a lot via international diplomatic positional means
- however in practice eg. support for Henry's Invasion of france in 1522 this didn't work - Charles V didn't send any help which arguably shows a lack of respect for Henry VIII and england - seeing Henry VIII and england as a weak diplomatic power?
26
1522 England at war with france
- little military support from large European powers which Henry VIII had allied with (Treaty of Bruges, 1521)
- reluctancy of parliament to grant revenue to fund wars in 1522 and 1523 with france
- achieved little and demonstrated England's lack of strategic awareness
- despite being allied with Charles V there was a lack of Military support from Charles V
- costly and caused issues at home due to this
27
1525 Battle of Pavia
- a moment in the recurring Italian wars between France,Spain,Italy and the HRE (Habsburg - valouis wars?)
- wanted to gain territory in N France by launching an offensive with Charles V of HRE
- charles refused to launch an offensive
- Henry VIII was struggling to resist pressures at home with regards to the Amnicible Grant (1525)
- poor/ fracturing Anglo - Imperial alliance (English and HRE alliance)
28
linked England to Anti - Imperial league of Cognac (1526)
- Pressurised by france and others to seek a 'pro-France' foreign policy because of the increasing excessive powers of Charles V and the HRE
- used his ' great matter' against him to pressurise into this position
- set up by the pope in Italy
- allied with France and 'the Papal States'
29
The Treaty of Noyon (1516)
- France and Spain
- French and SPanish alliance which left Henry VIII diplomatically isolated against some of the largest powers in Europe
- first time since start of reign that England is now vunerable to attack from multiple countries
- Henry VIII's foreign policy will now likely be reactionary rather than proactive
-
30
1517 Treaty of Cambrai
- Spain,HRE and France
- continued levels of Diplomatic isolation for England and Henry VIII from the greatest superpowers in England
- france undermining Anglo - Scottish rels
- Duke of Albany was the regent for James V of Scotland
- minimalised threat of Albany because Scottish nobility was divided - Henry VIII failed to capitlaise upon these divisions
31
Treaty of London (1518)
- end to England's diplomatic isolation
- Wolsey helped to organise again (what a king am I right?)
- became a 'treaty of Perpetual peace' However didn't last due to future conflicts still occuring
- England,France Spain, HRE and other smaller european states - non - aggression pact
not successful to as great extent as failed to prevent future conflicts
