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tudor history > henry viii > Flashcards

henry viii Flashcards

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1
Q

henry viii early aims

A
  • dismantle unpopular sides of henry vii’s reign
  • European status through marriage
  • re-establish the nobility
  • establish himself as a warrior king
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2
Q

thomas wolsey’s aims

A
  • finical management: tax reforms, amicable grant 1525
  • social reforms: humanist so wanted to ban enclosures
  • legal reforms: 1516 reopened star chamber
  • administration
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3
Q

Wolsey’s involement with the Kings great matter

A
  • henry required wolsey to secure papal dispensation for the annulment
  • may 1527 wolsey used his position as papal legate to bring henry before a fake court and accuse him of living in sin with his supposed wife
  • 2 years of nothing until pope sent an envoy to hear the case 1529 - refused anullment
    -wolsey was charged with praemunire and surrendered himself and his position to the king
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4
Q

when and what was the act of supremacy

A

novemeber 1534
secured the break from rome
henry was the supreme head of the church and all clergy must take an oath of supremacy

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5
Q

wolsey and enclosures

A

national enquiry 1517- found over 200 landowners guilty of illegal enclosure, 74 entered recognisances
1523 called them off to secure a parlimentary subsidy for war against france

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6
Q

when was the battle of flodden and what happened

A

1513, scotland invaded england
england won and james iv was killed leaving baby james v under regency
henry did nothing about this advantage

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7
Q

by 1919, what countries does charles V rule?

A

holy roman empire, spain and burgundy

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8
Q

what was the field of cloth of gold?

A

1520 meeting with france and england
£15,000 spent (equivalent to a years’ revenue), a wrestling match and affirmation of good relations between the two

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9
Q

why were there issues with the french pension in 1510?

A

set to be renewed
henry sent the archbishop of york to rome to persuade the pope to join an anti french allience
and created the holy league (inc spain, HRE, venice and the papacy)

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10
Q

what were the first and second invasions of france?

A

1512 - henry sent 10,000 men and achieved nothing attacking borders whilst ferdinand of HRE captured the Navarre
1513 - henry won minor battle of the spurs, won tornai and therouanne - no strategic advantage and cost £930,000

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11
Q

what and when was the battle of pavia

A

1525 - charles v crushed france
henry wanted to launch joint attack but charles refused, was humiliated
no domestic support - caused the amicable grant

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12
Q

when was ireland allowed to become a separate country?

A

1541
england still had law control but irish gained chief titles and legal protection
still don’t respect england

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13
Q

what was the league of cognac

A

created by the pope to counteract the HRE, and improved french relations
henry fell under suspicion by catholic europe though after the break from rome

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14
Q

treaty of bruges

A

1521
marriage drawn up between Charles V and daughter mary
secret treaty arranged by wolsey to get closer to HRE and invade france

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15
Q

treaty of london/treaty of perpetual peace

A

1518
to end england’s isolation after the 1517 treaty of cambrai between charles and maximillian
for a christian front against the ottoman turks
wolsey became papal legate

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16
Q

why couldn’t henry control the irish? 1527-40

A

irish are catholic
earl of kildare has to keep both ireland and england happy
kildare is dismissed 1534 and this leads to a huge uprising, repressed by the king’s men
needs a gov that doesn’t rely on kildare, but this causes constant raids and fights around the Pale

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17
Q

what was England’s rough wooing policy

A

unity - for prince edward and mary to marry in treaty of greenwich 1543
scotland didn’t want english control
earl of Arran refused to ratify betrothal, earl of hertford raided leith, edinbrugh and st andrews

18
Q

3 main critisisms of Henry viii’s scottish policy

A
  1. neglected opportunity 1542 after winning battle of solway moss, james v died leaving baby mary (too invested with france)
  2. arrogance over rough wooing
  3. raids angered scots, attacks weren’t strategic and expensive
19
Q

the excommunication of henry

A

1538
could have caused unrest but henry released the six articles in 1539 which assured that catholisism was still the basis of faith

20
Q

when and why did france and england stop fighting - henry viii

A

1546
france couldn’t recapture Boulogne, england couldnt fund from extraordinary revenue - forced into debasement, borrowing and selling crown lands

21
Q

what position was england left in the treaty of nice

A

1538, charles and francis united and swore to cut connections with england
however didn’t trust each other

22
Q

why was the third invasion of france unsuccessful

A

1544 and 45
- henry ignores health problems
- charles wasn’t fully invested, made peace with france
- england defeadted at ancrum moor
- france sat troops at english borders (scotland)

23
Q

what and when was the treason act

A

november 1534
treason could be comitted by spokn word, writing or deed
banned words included heretic, usurper and tyrant

24
Q

what and when was the act of succession

A

april 1534
- declares marriage to catherine void and removes mary from line of succession

25
Q

act of annexing first fruits and tenths

A

november 1534
annetes paid to the church now belonged to the king - strengthened funds and weakened clergy

26
Q

submission of the clergy

A

1532
after accusing the clergy of praemunire and the act in conditional restraint of annates - witheld funds to the clergy

27
Q

when was the marriage to catherine of aragon anulled

A

may 1533 by new archbishop cranmer

28
Q

what was ‘collecteana satis corpiosa’?

A
  • intellectual justificationby Thopmas cranmer + edward foxe to justify divorce
  • used collections of scriptual, historical + theological reasons
  • royal propoganda
  • enabled annullment without the popes permission
29
Q

When did henry viii marry anne bolyn

A

25th January 1533, claimed invalid by catholic church

30
Q

how did the dissolution of the monasteries take place?

A
  1. visitations- cromwell sent inspectors to understand wealth (made up and corrupt evidence)
  2. 1st act 1536- monasteries worth < £200 shut down but large households strengthened- reform not destroy
  3. ‘voluntary’ surrenders- 202 gone in 16 months by 1538
  4. 2nd act 1539- voluntary surrenders legitimised, gave parliamentary sanction, all houses transferred to crown
31
Q

consequences of the pilgrimages of grace

A
  • Duke of Norfolk sent to put down
  • over 150 executed including lords
    -aske was eventually executed
32
Q

results of the dissolution

A
  • 563 houses closed
  • 8,000 monks given pensions
  • crown income doubled £120,000-250,000 per year
33
Q

how were henry viii religious views inconsistent

A
  • marries catherine howard a catholic
  • act of six articles 1539 confirms private mass, transubstantiation + confession
  • compassion for old religion- 8,000 monks received pensions and in 1st act larger houses are supported
34
Q

why did the pilgrimage of grace start

A
  • religion: unhappy with dissolution of monasteries, north are particularly catholic
  • the break from rome
  • land enclosures: general discontent
  • Lincolnshire rising: angry over monasteries + wanted catholic worship
35
Q

how were the pilgrimage of grace a threat

A
  • the north rebelled for all different reasons
  • largest act of anti-reformation in the tudor period
  • included nobles + clergy
36
Q

evidence England become protestant 1529-47

A
  • act of ten articles 1536: illegal to follow seven sacraments, determination to eradicate catholic
  • dissolution of monasteries: doubled crown income, clear transfer of power
  • excommunicated by the pope 1538: reflects religious, severe measure
37
Q

act in restraint of appeals

A
  • drafted by cromwell using collecteana
  • declared monarch possessed imperial jurisdiction
  • states that the church/rome could not make appeals + catherine couldn’t protest annulment
38
Q

what happened in the pilgrimages of grace

A
  • started october 1536by robert aske
  • demanded lower tax and end to the dissolution a representative court in york and the removel of cromwell
  • in december duke of norfolk met with aske to discuss peace with the pontefact articles
  • Henry viii promised to hold a parliment in york
39
Q

evidence henry viii stayed loyal to Catholicism

A
  • even after break from rome he kept his title given by pope: defender of the faith
  • doesn’t want a fully protestant country
  • prioritises aims of being a warrior king over allying with protestants
40
Q

when was henry viii’s reign

A

22nd april 1509 - 28th january 1547

41
Q

how were henry viii early aims achieved

A
  • empson and dudley were executed and counsel learned abolished
  • married catherine in june 1509
  • spent time with nobles + their sons but still firm with them (executed buckingham due to rumors he spread)
  • spent vast amounts for little gain, often at war with france but had momentary peace when agaisnt spain/HRE
42
Q

what was henry viii early government

A
  • kept privy chamber + encouraged use
  • encouraged factionalism
  • councilor approach until 1514

tudor history (4 decks)

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