Henry VIII

Question 1

Renaissance meaning

Answer 1

Very progressive and wanting to revive and focus on things like art literature and science.

Question 2

French way of ruling

Answer 2

Absolutism/Salic law

Question 3

English way of ruling

Answer 3

First among the equals

Question 4

Anti Cleracilism

Answer 4

People against the church who thought it was corrupt

Question 5

Enclosure

Answer 5

Rounding up lots of fields for the purpose of grazing sheep.

Question 6

Privy Chamber

Answer 6

Henrys closest friends

Question 7

Ecclesiastical

Answer 7

To do with church matters

Question 8

Pluralism

Answer 8

Having more than one job

Question 9

Simony

Answer 9

Selling your job in the church to someone else

Question 10

Nepotism

Answer 10

Giving a promotion only becuase someone is a family member

Question 11

Avantious

Answer 11

Greed for wealth

Question 12

Purgatory

Answer 12

Space between heaven and hell where Catholics go when they have sinned a little to get purified via chantry

Question 13

Chantry

Answer 13

Pray for people who are in purgatory so they get into heaven faster.

Question 14

Tithings

Answer 14

You have to pay a tenth of your income to the church

Question 15

Traditionalist view on reformation of the church? A.G. Dickens

Answer 15

Does need reforming

Question 16

Revisionist view on reformation of the church? C. Haigh

Answer 16

No, they were only an isolated amount of corruption

Question 17

Who is Richard Hunne?

Answer 17

Refused to pay mortuary fees by giving his child’s christening gown and said children cannot legally own things and by forcing him to give it up, the church was committing praemunire

Question 18

What is praemunire

Answer 18

Putting the pope above the king

Question 19

H8 marries Catherine of Aragon

Answer 19

1509

Question 20

What was the blocking policy?

Answer 20

In 1510 Warren and Fox, Henrys old advisors blocked many of his progressive policies

Question 21

What happened in 1512?

Answer 21

A failed invasion into France —-> Drunk and disorderly

Question 22

What happened in 1513?

Answer 22

Battle of Spurs and Battle of Flodden field

Question 23

What happened in 1514?

Answer 23

Anglo French Treaty and Henrys sister is married.

Question 24

What happened in 1518

Answer 24

Treaty of London, Wolsey becomes Papal Lagate

Question 25

What happened in 1520

Answer 25

Field of the cloth of gold

Question 26

What happened in 1521

Answer 26

Treaty of Bruges

Question 27

What happened in 1525

Answer 27

Amecable grant, Treaty of More, Battle of Pavia

Question 28

What happened in 1527

Answer 28

Treaty of Congai and the sacking of Rome

Question 29

What was Henrys role in government?

Answer 29

Historian Geoffrey Elton argues that Henry had no real role as he never even done the basic things of reading documents. It is also true that after 1513, Wolsey had a lot of influence and so did the Groom of the Stool whilst the privy council also had some level of influence. However ultimately, Henry still had the final say.

Question 30

What was Henrys Aims?

Answer 30

He was very chivalrous and wanted to place England back on the map in terms of international importance. Was very progressive and was a renaissance prince

Question 31

How successful was Henry VIII’s foreign policy (1509-1529)

Answer 31

Criteria: Was England in the centre of international affairs?
Did it increase Henry’s and England’s prestige?
Was England financially better off?

Agree:

• Flodden field 1513 England had a massive win in which James IV was killed (whilst England was at a disadvantage) which secured the land border, increased prestige and Tudor dynastic links as Henrys sister was placed as interim due to James V being too small
• Battle of Spurs in 1513 when Henry captured Tournei and Thernouaine, increased Englands prestige despite costing money and shown the importance of England in terms of Europe
• Alliances: Holy League in 1511 showed that England was now a big European player. Treaty of London also shows this whilst both help with Englands security

Disagree:

• By 1529 England had fallen out of the international game: Wolsey was not invited to or even informed about the peace of Cambrai and in 1528 when England declared war on HRE, we could not put together an army
• 1520 Field of cloth of gold, lots of money was spent on this, but only worsened relations with France. Furthermore also worsened public opinion as when Henry wanted to invade France in 1525, Wolsey had to make the amicable grant as England was out of money which met outrage as it was not took through parliament

Question 32

Assess the claim that Henry VIII was personal in government/was a personal king

Answer 32

Criteria: Was he directly involved in giving out the policies?
Was he solely responsible for the successes/ failures that came his way
Was his actions potentially influenced by those around him?

Agree:

• Despite not actually coming up with policies, Henry always held the final say and was implicitly responsible for all of them. For example, the Amicable Grant of 1525. Even know he was not responsible for it, the reason for its existence was because he wanted to go to war with France. If this was not the case, it would of never of existed.
• Much of the foreign/domestic policy issued at the time was wildly different to the policies of the former Henry 7. This can be seen by the fact that H7 own advisors attempted to block them in the blocking policy early into his reign, showing how he has took a personal handling within the aims of the policies being given.

Disagree:

• Wolsey was responsible for many of Henrys failures/success, e.g. Battle of Spur 1513, Treaty of London 1518 and the amicable grant 1525
• Historian Geoffrey Elton argues that Henry had no real role as he never even done the most basic administrative duties, he often only read summaries and his signature was forged using a dry stamp.
• Henry had many people who could of potentially influenced him, including the Groom of the stool, his privy council and Wolsey (who was potentially influenced by the French as he had a French pension)

Question 33

Assess the claim that the church was corrupt and in need of reformation?

Answer 33

Criteria: As a whole, did the corruption of the church warrant a domestic rebellion. Did it threaten the livelihood of the people. Did the corruption stimulate possible intervention from Henry himself

Agree:

• Relics
• Mortuary fees
• Chantry

Disagree:

• Revisionists say that corruption was not rife, there were only isolated examples of it
• Wolsey showed how the church was improving by founding 2 colleges, increasing education standard among monks, closing 20 small monasteries and putting the money towards reform

Question 34

Assess the claim that Wolsey’s rise to power was luck

Answer 34

Criteria: Was his rise to power completely out of the ordinary? Was it from an opportunity that Wolsey himself took advantage of?

Agree:

• At the time many of the previous Henry 7 council was gone, therefore the opportunity for Wolsey to rise to power was miraculously open. This was complete luck as if Henry 8 chivalrous and progressive attitude did not exist, he would of never of got the opportunity
• Wolsey was a butchers son, therefore he was the perfect candidate for Henry to give power to as he could just as easily take it away from him, showing how the luck of his heritage made him rise to power.
• After the amicable grant fiasco, Henry still never lost faith in Wolsey, showing how it was not his skill that kept him in the position.

Disagree:

• Was smart got his degree from oxford at 15 and used this intelligence to take his opportunities well. When Henry pitched his warmongering attitude, Wolsey took his side, making himself more appealing. Showing how it was his skill at social engineering.
• Battle of Spurs 1513, the huge success organised by Wolsey clearly shows how it was the guys skill, as after this he was given practically free reign on foreign policy.