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Henry VII > Henry VII Government > Flashcards

Henry VII Government Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main themes of Henry VII’s government?

A

Central, regional, local and parliament

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2
Q

What were Henry’s governmental aims?

A

Henry wanted to re-establish law, order and good governance following the War of the Roses

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3
Q

How did Henry manage government?

A

He wanted to manage it himself ad not delegate power to advisors due to his suspicions about the nobility.

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4
Q

What theme does the Council come under?

A

Central government

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5
Q

What was the composition of the Council?

A

Ran by the King and the men he chose to sit on it
These men were advisors from the nobility, church, lawyers and royal household officers.
Although around 227 men were recorded as attending the council during Henry’s reign, his actual council only had around 6 or 7 members to provide stability

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6
Q

What was the function of the council?

A

Advise the king
Administrate on behalf of him
Make legal judgements

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7
Q

How did Henry keep stability within the council?

A

-Had a small working council
-Kept people in positions for a long time.
-Richard Fox served as Lord of the Privy Sea for 22 years until Henry’s death

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8
Q

How did Henry improve efficiency in the courts?

A

He created smaller committees

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9
Q

What are 3 examples of smaller committees under Henry VII?

A

-One responsible for acts of livery and maintenance
-Court of General Surveyors audited revenue from Crown Lands
-Council learned defended the King’s feudal landlord status

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10
Q

When was the Council Learned in Law established?

A

1495

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11
Q

What was the aim of the Council Learned in Law?

A

-Establish Henry as a feudal landlord and ensure he received all feudal dues from the nobility

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12
Q

What was the main tactic used by the Council Learned to enforce good behaviour?

A

Bonds and recognisances

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13
Q

What was a bond?

A

An agreement where a person agreed to pay a sum of money if they didn’t uphold their side.

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14
Q

What was a recognisance?

A

The acceptance of a debt or obligation that already existed, with the understanding that money will be payed if it is not carried out

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15
Q

Why was the council feared and resented?

A

It operated without a jury (this was to maintain the King’s authority but made the court viewed as unfair) and wasn’t a recognised court of law despite enforcing its penalties harshly.
Empson and Dudley, its leaders, were very unpopular in court for this reason.

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16
Q

What theme does Henry’s court and household come under?

A

Central

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17
Q

Why was the court so grand?

A

In this era, wealth meant more power, and the tudors were always trying to secure their dynasty and succession, so the court had to be magnificent and expensive.
Henry was influenced by continental courts, especially of France
The court was meant to display the power of a monarchy

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18
Q

How did Henry award those in his court?

A

Infrequently, as he only rewarded the BEST behaviour so as to encourage more of it.

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19
Q

What were the two levels of the court?

A

The household and the chamber

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20
Q

What was the purpose of the King’s household?

A

Had his most initiate staff and included those who looked after the king, including personal and catering people.
Getting in the household meant direct and easy influence over Henry’s thoughts.

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21
Q

Who led the chamber?

A

The Lord Chamberlain

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22
Q

How did Henry remodel the Chamber?

A

He used it to create a new, privy chamber where he could retreat with his most intimate servants. This changed the nature of the court as it came even more difficult for people to gain Henry’s support and patronage.

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23
Q

What is an example of regional authority?

A

Provisions councils
Extended royal authority into the provinces

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24
Q

How did Henry establish Provisional councils?

A

Relied on trusted servants, such as Jasper in Tudor in Wales or the Earl of Surrey in the North.

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25
Q

Who were the two important officials in local governments?

A

Sherif and the Justices of the Peace

26
Q

How long were JPs appointed for?

A

For life!

27
Q

What was the role of a JP?

A

Responsible for maintaining public order and implementing laws from the King

28
Q

How many JPs were there on average?

A

18 unpaid justices

29
Q

How did Henry weaken the power of the JPs?

A

They were landowners, so he appointed lesser landowners to weaken the influence of the larger ones.

30
Q

How long did a Sherrif serve for?

A

1 year

31
Q

What was the role of a sheriff?

A

Keep the peace, deter and imprison criminals and do parliamentary elections

32
Q

What was the composition of Henry’s parliament?

A

House of Commons and House of Lords

33
Q

How often did Parliament meet?

A

Infrequently
Not for more than a few weeks at a time
Only 7 times during the reign and 5 during the first decade so as to secure his position

34
Q

What was Henry’s aim in using parliament?

A

Henry made the assumption that all power derived from the Monarch, and used that to justify using parliament to serve his interests and use Acts of Attainder to keep his subjects under control. Example of this is the 1504 Act which declared that corporations couldn’t make regulations without the approval for the King.

35
Q

What parliament initially used for?

A

Raising revenue
Keeping national security
Passing acts of attainder

36
Q

What was an Act of Attainder?

A

Declared individuals guilty of a crime without having to go through trial
Often would be done post-mortem to gain lands to increase revenue

37
Q

What didn’t Henry use parliament for?

A

War! He didnt ask for war taxes as his foreign policy was based off peace.
He also didn’t ask for money as this would strain his subject’s loyalty
He also shifted the judicial role of parliament to the Council Learned which became the highest court of appeal.

38
Q

How much were the crown lands raking in initially?

A

12,000 a year

39
Q

How did Henry modify the intake of. crown land revenue?

A

Started in the Exchequer
Around 1492 Henry decided to revert to administration through the chamber with Sir Thomas Lovell as the treasurer

40
Q

How much was crown lands raking in following the shift?

A

42,000 a year

41
Q

How did Henry increase the amount of crow lands?

A

Attainders (138)
Act of Resumption (1486)

42
Q

What was ordinary revenue?

A

Revenue collected regularly by the King

43
Q

What were the 5 feudal obligations?

A

Wardship, Livery, Relief, Escheats and Marriage dues

44
Q

What was Wardship?

A

He king had the right to look after an heir and their land if the heir was a minor.

45
Q

What was livery?

A

A fine paid ot recover lands from wardship

46
Q

What was relief tax?

A

Money paid to the king as land was inherited

47
Q

What were Escheats?

A

Payments made when land reverted to the Crown

48
Q

What were marriage dues?

A

Money paid when heiresses would get married

49
Q

How much did feudal obligations make initially?

A

In 1487, 350 per year

50
Q

How much did feudal obligations make by the end of Henry’s reign?

A

IN 1507, over 6000

51
Q

What were customs duties?

A

Money paid for English defences.

52
Q

What were the two. customs duties?

A

Prerogotive duties on exports of wool, leather and cloth
Imports and exports of tonnage (wine) and poundage. Granted for life in 1485 parliament

53
Q

How much did customs duties bring in?

A

40,000 a year

54
Q

What was extraordinary revenue?

A

Money paid irregularly.

55
Q

What are parliamentary grants?

A

Money to help the King when teh national interest was threatened.

56
Q

What 3 dates were used for parliamentary grants?

A

1487 - battle of stoke
1489 - Breton crisis
1496 - Warbeck

57
Q

How much was collected through loans throughout Henry’s reign?

A

203000

58
Q

What was a benevolence and when was it used?

A

A forced loan with no repayment.
Breton Crisis - 48500

59
Q

What was the French pension?

A

Part of the treaty of Etaples in 1492

60
Q

How much was the French Pension in total and per annum?

A

159000 overall
5000 a year

61
Q

Who were the main victims of Henry’s finance?

A

Landowners, particularly those who would’ve supported him if he was threatened, weakening his security.

Henry VII (9 decks)

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