Henry VII Foreign Policy Flashcards
What were Henry’s 3 aims in his foreign policy?
Security, recognition, prosperity
How was Henry trying to increase security?
Defending England from invasion and avoiding war.
How was henry increasing prosperity?
Improving and securing trade throughout Europe
How is Henry gaining recognition?
Stopping important figures from other countries supporting pretenders and signing important treaties
What dictated Henry’s foreign policy
-Circumstances around his succession
-Lack of money
WhT was Henry’s priority early on and why was this so important?
Gain acceptance of his right to rule from other monarchs. Important as rivals could seek shelter or assistance from other countries.
What country did Henry want to build a longer term alliance with and why?
Spain - insurance policy against France
What place was England in by 1485
Weak. After 1453, only Calais was retained as their ,and and France controlled most of the channel coast.
What position was Spain in in 1485?
It was united under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile yet they still ruled mostly seperate.
What position was the HRE in in 1485?
Using its ports to trade with England - key to both of their trades.
What position was Italy in in 1485
Divided into states that were fighting over each other.
Who was England’s traditional ally other than Spain?
The duchy of Burgundy.
Why were England and Burgundy traditional allies?
The land was of immense economic value and strategic importance to the English.
England’s economy was reliant on export of cloth to Antwerp.
What was Henry’s attitude to the Netherlands during this time?
He would always give priority to his dynasty over keeping trade, adn Margaret of Burgundy was threatening Henry by supporting Warbeck.
What was Henry’s reaction to Margarets challenges?
Place an embargo on trade to Burgundy in 1493
What followed Henry’s trade embargo?
Another trade embargo from burgundy in 1494
How was the deadlock broken?
When France invaded Italy in 1494, Maximilian and Phillip were more concerned with this when Henry, leading to negotiations and eventually the Magnus Intercursus of 1496
What were the consequences of the embargo?
Riots in London in October 1493 due to unemployment.
WHat was agreed on in the Magnus Intercursus?
Margaret agreed to abandon all support for Warbeck or she would lose her lands
English goods could be sold in the Netherlands Expanded in 1502 to include Flanders.
What were the consequences of the Magnus Intercursus?
Trade flourished and Henry neutralised the threat
Henry had joined the Holy League, an anti-French alliance, but this didnt really affect his standing with France.
Evaluate the England v Burgundy relationship.
Successful under Henry’s goals. The 1496 Magnus Intercursus not only achieved enry’s goal of recognition through getting Margaret to not support Warbeck, but also increased the trade with Burgundy. Whilst hsi security could’ve been threatened by joining the Holy League, it didn’t have any massive affect.
What status did Spain hold in Europe?
It was emerging as a new major power following the union of its two provinces and their joint military success against the Moors.
What treaty illustrates how important Spain is to Henry?
Medina Del Campo 1489
What were the terms for the Medina Del Campo?
-They offered protection in case of an attack
-Their young children, Arthur and Catherine, were to be married
-Ferdinand agreed to not support claimants to the English throne.
When were Arthur and Catherine married?
October 1501
When did Arthur die?
April 1502
What followed Arthurs’ death?
A personal and diplomatic disaster which threatened the dynasty and his security
Did relationships with Spain’s deteriorate following Arthur’s death?
No, the treaty was ensured in 1503 to marry Catherine and Henry together.
When did Isabella of Castile die and why was this significant?
1504 - threatened the break up of the Spanish union.
Who married Isabella’s child and what did they do?
Phillip of Burgundy married Joanna of Castille.
How did Henry handle the Phillip situation?
He tried to ally himself with Phillip and abandoned Ferdinand
When were Phillip and Joanna shipwrecked in England?
1506
What treaty was negotiated whilst Phillip was in England?
Malus Intercursus 1506
What were the terms of the malus intercursus?
Advanced English trade in Burgundy and ended another trade embargo.
Henry and Phillip agreed to not harbour each others rebels (Phillip handed over John de la Pole)
Dowry arrangements made for Margaret of Savoy.
When did Elizabeth of York die?
1503
Who was Margaret of Savoy?
Phillip’s sister and potential wife of Ferdinand of Aragon.
Did the Malus intercursus ever go into effect?
No - Phillip died in September 1506 and Joanna apparently went insane.
What were the consequences of Phillip’s death
Ferdinand regained control of Castile and allied himself to France inn 1508, leaving England isolated.
How bad was it for England in 1508
Not awful - yes England was left isolated but no one saw Henry as an enemy.
Evaluate Henry’s relations with Spain.
Successful mostly. Managed to negotiate high amounts of trade with Burgundy, however didn’t go into effect due to Phillip’s death, and England was left isolated from teh Spain-France agreement in 1508.
What did Henry do in France as soon as he got into power?
Signed a treaty with France ending their rivalry.
What provoked crisis in France?
The death of Duke Francis of Brittany in September 1488.
Why did Francis’ death provoke crisis?
His daughter, Anne, was still a child and feudal law entitled her to be claimed by Charles VIII
Why didn’t Henry want the marriage of Anne and Charles to happen?
He didn’t want France to have complete control of the coast.
What treaty was signed in 1489 with Brittany?
Treaty of Redon
What was agreed on in the Treaty of Redon?
England would send 6000 troops under Giles Daubeny to Brittany to fight.
Did the marriage between Anne and Charles go through
Yes in 1491 and thus Brittany was absorbed by France
How did Henry tackle the absorption of Brittany
He invaded France using the traditional English claim to the throne to justify it. This was not for actual lad taking purposes but more as a levy to use in negotiations.
What was the result of Henry’s invasion
The Treaty of Etaples.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Etaples
French pension - 50,000 a year
France wouldnt support Warbeck anymore.
Evaluate the French - British relations
Successful in recognition, managed to get Charles VIII to not recognise Warbeck
Prosperity increased by French pension
Lack of security from the French control of the coast - and to forfeit Brittany.
When was the Treaty of Ayton
September 1502
What was the Treaty of Ayton?
James refused to support Warbeck anymore
James became betrothed to Margaret Tudor.
Evaluate relations with Scotland
Successful - managed to increase his security and recognition.
