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Henry VII > English society under Henry VII > Flashcards

English society under Henry VII Flashcards

1
Q

Which classes had been developed since the feudal system?

A

he professional and mercantile bourgeoisie

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2
Q

Where were the merchant class becoming important?

A

London, Norwich, and other major provinces.

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3
Q

Why were things changing in England

A

Economic pressure had increased social mobility, allowing more people to gather wealth.

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4
Q

Who was alarmed by the change in social mobility?

A

Conservative upper class members.

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5
Q

How did the conservative upper class attempt to restrain change?

A

By passing sumptuary laws which regulated how a person dressed depending on social status.

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6
Q

Which class was underneath the king?

A

The Nobility

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7
Q

What made the Nobility so important?

A

Dominated land ownership, and were relied on by the King to keep order in the countryside.

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8
Q

How many men comprised the nobility?

A

No more than 50 or 60.

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9
Q

What were some consequences of Henry’s distrust of the nobility?

A

He was reluctant to create new titles
Only trusted, lancastrian, military leaders had influence - this included Lord Daubeney.

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10
Q

What was the best way for Henry to control the nobility?

A

Bonds and recognisances.

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11
Q

What was the key to the power of nobles?

A

Bastard feudalism or retaining.

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12
Q

What is retaining?

A

Wealthy magnates would recruit knights and gentleman to serve them as administrators or accountants, or even military means.

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13
Q

Why was retaining such a bad thing?

A

Magnates could use their retainers to bring influence on others or use them to go against the crown in a matter of ways.

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14
Q

How did Henry initially try and limit retaining?

A

He made peers and MPS take an oath against retaining or being retained

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15
Q

When did the oath against retaining occur?

A

1486

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16
Q

When were the two laws against retaining established?

A

1487 and 1504

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17
Q

What was the 1504 act against retaining?

A

Made it so licences for retaining could be sought out.

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18
Q

Who were below the nobility?

A

The Gentry

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19
Q

what were the gentry?

A

By the 15th century they were another class of landowners.

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20
Q

What could members of the Gentry do to confirm their social status?

A

Seek knighthooods , such as Sir Reginald Bray did

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21
Q

How many knights were there by 1490?

A

About 375

22
Q

What % of land did peers and knights own?

A

15-20%

23
Q

What was an esquire?

A

The eldest sons of knights, the younger sons of barns, magistrates and others of wealth.

24
Q

What social status did clergy have?

A

Varied a lot
At lower parish levels they were modestly rewarded, yet bishops and abbots were important figures who could sit in the house of lords.

25
Q

Who governed the church in England?

A

Henry

26
Q

How did Henry use his power as governor of the church in England?

A

Appointed bishops with legal training and who were good at administration.

27
Q

Who were below the clergy?

A

Commoners

28
Q

How many commoners lived in England and Wales in 1500?

A

2 million

29
Q

What % of commoners lived below the poverty line?

A

50%

30
Q

Who were the top commoners?

A

The middling sort, made up of educated professionals, with the most professional being lawyers.

31
Q

Who were below the middling sort?

A

Shopkeepers and skilled tradesmen, who dominated the borough corporation and played a key role in guilds.

32
Q

Who were below the shopkeepers?

A

The yeomen farmers in the countryside.

33
Q

What had enabled the emergence of yeomen farmers?

A

Decline in population due to the black death leading to a drop in land value.

34
Q

Who were husbandmen?

A

Kept smaller farms than yeomen and supplemented their income through employment by yeomen or gentry.

35
Q

Where did mixed farming predominated?

A

In the South and East, especially Norfolk

36
Q

Why did Londoners look down on northerners?

A

Perceived savagery

37
Q

When was the Yorkshire rebellion?

A

1489

38
Q

What triggered the Yorkshire rebellion?

A

Parliament granted him 100,000 to pay for Brittany to be collected through income tax.

39
Q

Where was the 1489 income tax most badly received?

A

Yorkshire, where they were suffering the affects of a bad harvest.

40
Q

Why else did Yorkshire resent the tax?

A

The counties north of them were exempt due to their defending from the Scots

41
Q

Who was killed during the rebellion?

A

Earl of Northumberland

42
Q

What were the circumstances around the Earl of Northumberland’s death?

A

He was murdered by his tenants, but his retainers also deserted him as punishment of. his desertion of Richard at Bosworth.

43
Q

How did Henry treat the rebels?

A

He ended up pardoning most of them after they were defeated by the Earl of Surrey.

44
Q

When was the Cornish rebellion?

A

1497

45
Q

What triggered the cornish rebellion?

A

In Jan 1947, parliament voted for a heavy tax to finance an expedition to resist expected invasion.

46
Q

Why was the tax so opposed by Cornwall?

A

They didn’t want to contribute to the defence of a Northern invasion which posed little threat to them.

47
Q

what three factors made the cornish rebellion a great threat to Henry’s security?

A

involved 15,000 men
Rebels marched to London, only being stopped at Blackheath
Attempted to be exploited by Perkin Warbeck

48
Q

Why was blackheath such a concern?I

A

It was concerning that they had been able to make it that far without any attempts to stop, and raised questions about Henry’s security.

49
Q

How did Henry punish rebels. in cornwall?

A

Rebel leaders were executed and the rest were pardoned.

50
Q

What were the consequences of the Cornish rebellion?

A

Henry was shocked into ensuring Anglo-Scottish tensions were eased and made him particularly cautious about entering further conflicts.

Henry VII (9 decks)

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