Henry VII - Foreign Policies

Question 1

What were Henry VII’s aims in foreign policy?

Answer 1

National security
International recognition
Defence of trade

Question 2

Brittany key points

Answer 2

A fiefdom of the French crown
Ruled by Duke Francis II
Only heir was daughter Duchess Anne
Unusual for women to rule at this time so opportunity for France to claim

Question 3

When did France invade Brittany?

Answer 3

1487

Question 4

What did the French invasion of Brittany in 1487 lead to?

Answer 4

It looked like the French would gain complete control of Brittany which alarmed Henry so he summoned parliament to grand extraordinary revenue in 1489 to raise an army against the French

Question 5

Why did Henry get involved with Brittany and France?

Answer 5

Sense of obligation to the Bretons

Fear that direct French control of Brittany could increase potential French threat to England

Question 6

When was the Treaty of Redon?

Answer 6

February 1489

Question 7

What did the Treaty of Redon agree and what did Henry also do at the same time?

Answer 7

Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from French threat
At the same time Henry strengthened alliance with Maximilian HRE-elect

Question 8

What happened after the English army went to Brittany?

Answer 8

Anne surrendered and married Charles VIII of France
English army marooned in Brittany
Maximilian lost interest (he had previously had marriage-by-proxy with Anne)
Made worse by Perkin Warbeck seeking French backing

Question 9

When was the Treaty of Etaples?

Answer 9

November 1492

Question 10

What did the Treaty of Etaples agree?

Answer 10

Henry launched French invasion in 1492 knowing Charles was more interested in invading Italy so Charles agreed to withdraw support for Perkin Warbeck and pay a pension to Henry to compensate the expense for the army

Question 11

Why was it important that good relations were maintained with Burgundy, Netherlands, and HRE?

Answer 11

Bulk of English exports went through ports of Netherlands such as Antwerp and Bruges under Burgundy’s jurisdiction

Question 12

Who was Margaret of Burgundy?

Answer 12

Sister of Edward IV and Richard III
Leading upholder of Yorkist cause
Enlisted support of stepson-in-law Maximilian

Question 13

Why did relations deteriorate with Burgundy, Netherlands, and HRE?

Answer 13

Because of the hospitality Maximilian and Phillip were offering to Warbeck

Question 14

What did Henry do in response to the hospitality Maximilian and Philip were offering to Warbeck?

Answer 14

Put a trade embargo on trade with Burgundy (putting two aims against each other)

Question 15

When did relations improve?

Answer 15

After Warbeck left Burgundy

Question 16

What was the Intercursus Magnus?

Answer 16

Agreed by Henry and Phillip in 1496

Brought trade embargo to end

Question 17

What was the Intercursus Malus?

Answer 17

An outcome of the Treaty of Windsor 1506
Trade agreement that never became fully operative - relations restored on Intercursus Magnus following year
Phillip and Maximilian agreed to hand over Yorkist fugitive Earl of Suffolk, to Henry

Question 18

What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

Answer 18

Between Spain and England
Mutual protection in event of attack
Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
Marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine

Question 19

What were the problems with the Treaty of Medina Del Campo?

Answer 19

Marriage arrangements didn’t go smoothly - Ferdinand was reluctant for marriage to go ahead with still threat of Warbeck, argued over size of Catherine’s dowry

Question 20

When did the marriage between Catherine and Arthur become finalised and go ahead?

Answer 20

Details agreed in 1499
Took place in 1501
Arthur died in 1502

Question 21

What did Henry do after the death of Arthur then Isabella?

Answer 21

Immediately suggested Catherine marry his second son Henry, but Ferdinand reluctant (he had little need for it and it would require papal dispensation)
Henry lost interest in 1504 when Isabella died making Ferdinand less influential - there was then a succession struggle with Ferdinand and Juana in which Henry backed Juana

Question 22

Why did the Treaty of Windsor happen?

Answer 22

Juana and Phillip of Burgundy set sail for Spain in 1506 following Isabella’s death but were shipwrecked and stayed in England

Question 23

What was agreed in the Treaty of Windsor?

Answer 23

Henry secured a stronger relationship with Juana and Phillip
Intercursus Malus
Return of Earl of Suffolk
Proposed marriage for Henry and Phillips sister (never happened)
Henry’s recognition of Juana and Phillip as rulers of Castile - strengthening their claim

Question 24

What did Phillip of Burgundy’s death lead to?

Answer 24

Juana described by father as mad and unfit to rule
Ferdinand became ruler of Castile
Henry left diplomatically isolated
Ferdinand made sure Henry and Catherine’s marriage wouldn’t take place in his lifetime

Question 25

What were Anglo-Scottish relations originally like?

Answer 25

Tense from 1485-95

Question 26

What did King James IV of Scotland do to make relations worse?

Answer 26

Offered hospitality to Warbeck in 1495

He stayed at the Scottish court for 2 years, received pension and aristocratic marriage

Question 27

What did James IV encourage Warbeck to do?

Answer 27

Cross the border in 1496 with an army

Question 28

What did this attempted invasion lead to?

Answer 28

Warbeck had no support and quickly retreated
Henry raised a larger army to invade Scotland
This prompted taxation rebellion

Question 29

What was the Cornish Rebellion and what did it lead to?

Answer 29

1497
Anger at increased taxes
Shocked Henry who called immediate truce with James
1498 onwards relations improved
James no longer had use for Warbeck who was executed in 1499

Question 30

What was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?

Answer 30

1502

James to marry Henry’s daughter Margaret (happened in 1593)

Question 31

What was Henry’s power in Ireland?

Answer 31

Only extended as far as the ‘Pale’ - area of land surrounding Dublin
Power in rest of Ireland lay with descendants of Anglo-Norman barons

Question 32

Who was the Earl of Kildare?

Answer 32

Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477
Feared by Henry as had Yorkist sympathies, supported Simnel crowing him King of Ireland in 1486, supported Warbeck in 1491

Question 33

What did Henry to in Ireland?

Answer 33

Appointed infant son Henry as lieutenant of Ireland and Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy
More costly
Initially successful - force and bribery
Required Irish parliament to pass Poynings Law in 1495 - needed approval of English crown to pass laws in Ireland

Question 34

Why was Henry forced to recall Poynings and rely on Kildare?

Answer 34

Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1495 and Henry was short of money from threat of Scottish invasion so it became too expensive
By this stage in 1485 Kildare had decided there was no benefit in supporting the Yorkist cause so decided to serve Henry loyally