Henry VII - Foreign Policies Flashcards
What were Henry VII’s aims in foreign policy?
National security
International recognition
Defence of trade
Brittany key points
A fiefdom of the French crown
Ruled by Duke Francis II
Only heir was daughter Duchess Anne
Unusual for women to rule at this time so opportunity for France to claim
When did France invade Brittany?
1487
What did the French invasion of Brittany in 1487 lead to?
It looked like the French would gain complete control of Brittany which alarmed Henry so he summoned parliament to grand extraordinary revenue in 1489 to raise an army against the French
Why did Henry get involved with Brittany and France?
Sense of obligation to the Bretons
Fear that direct French control of Brittany could increase potential French threat to England
When was the Treaty of Redon?
February 1489
What did the Treaty of Redon agree and what did Henry also do at the same time?
Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from French threat
At the same time Henry strengthened alliance with Maximilian HRE-elect
What happened after the English army went to Brittany?
Anne surrendered and married Charles VIII of France
English army marooned in Brittany
Maximilian lost interest (he had previously had marriage-by-proxy with Anne)
Made worse by Perkin Warbeck seeking French backing
When was the Treaty of Etaples?
November 1492
What did the Treaty of Etaples agree?
Henry launched French invasion in 1492 knowing Charles was more interested in invading Italy so Charles agreed to withdraw support for Perkin Warbeck and pay a pension to Henry to compensate the expense for the army
Why was it important that good relations were maintained with Burgundy, Netherlands, and HRE?
Bulk of English exports went through ports of Netherlands such as Antwerp and Bruges under Burgundy’s jurisdiction
Who was Margaret of Burgundy?
Sister of Edward IV and Richard III
Leading upholder of Yorkist cause
Enlisted support of stepson-in-law Maximilian
Why did relations deteriorate with Burgundy, Netherlands, and HRE?
Because of the hospitality Maximilian and Phillip were offering to Warbeck
What did Henry do in response to the hospitality Maximilian and Philip were offering to Warbeck?
Put a trade embargo on trade with Burgundy (putting two aims against each other)
When did relations improve?
After Warbeck left Burgundy
What was the Intercursus Magnus?
Agreed by Henry and Phillip in 1496
Brought trade embargo to end
What was the Intercursus Malus?
An outcome of the Treaty of Windsor 1506
Trade agreement that never became fully operative - relations restored on Intercursus Magnus following year
Phillip and Maximilian agreed to hand over Yorkist fugitive Earl of Suffolk, to Henry
What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
Between Spain and England
Mutual protection in event of attack
Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
Marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine
What were the problems with the Treaty of Medina Del Campo?
Marriage arrangements didn’t go smoothly - Ferdinand was reluctant for marriage to go ahead with still threat of Warbeck, argued over size of Catherine’s dowry
When did the marriage between Catherine and Arthur become finalised and go ahead?
Details agreed in 1499
Took place in 1501
Arthur died in 1502
What did Henry do after the death of Arthur then Isabella?
Immediately suggested Catherine marry his second son Henry, but Ferdinand reluctant (he had little need for it and it would require papal dispensation)
Henry lost interest in 1504 when Isabella died making Ferdinand less influential - there was then a succession struggle with Ferdinand and Juana in which Henry backed Juana
Why did the Treaty of Windsor happen?
Juana and Phillip of Burgundy set sail for Spain in 1506 following Isabella’s death but were shipwrecked and stayed in England
What was agreed in the Treaty of Windsor?
Henry secured a stronger relationship with Juana and Phillip
Intercursus Malus
Return of Earl of Suffolk
Proposed marriage for Henry and Phillips sister (never happened)
Henry’s recognition of Juana and Phillip as rulers of Castile - strengthening their claim
What did Phillip of Burgundy’s death lead to?
Juana described by father as mad and unfit to rule
Ferdinand became ruler of Castile
Henry left diplomatically isolated
Ferdinand made sure Henry and Catherine’s marriage wouldn’t take place in his lifetime
What were Anglo-Scottish relations originally like?
Tense from 1485-95
What did King James IV of Scotland do to make relations worse?
Offered hospitality to Warbeck in 1495
He stayed at the Scottish court for 2 years, received pension and aristocratic marriage
What did James IV encourage Warbeck to do?
Cross the border in 1496 with an army
What did this attempted invasion lead to?
Warbeck had no support and quickly retreated
Henry raised a larger army to invade Scotland
This prompted taxation rebellion
What was the Cornish Rebellion and what did it lead to?
1497
Anger at increased taxes
Shocked Henry who called immediate truce with James
1498 onwards relations improved
James no longer had use for Warbeck who was executed in 1499
What was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?
1502
James to marry Henry’s daughter Margaret (happened in 1593)
What was Henry’s power in Ireland?
Only extended as far as the ‘Pale’ - area of land surrounding Dublin
Power in rest of Ireland lay with descendants of Anglo-Norman barons
Who was the Earl of Kildare?
Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477
Feared by Henry as had Yorkist sympathies, supported Simnel crowing him King of Ireland in 1486, supported Warbeck in 1491
What did Henry to in Ireland?
Appointed infant son Henry as lieutenant of Ireland and Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy
More costly
Initially successful - force and bribery
Required Irish parliament to pass Poynings Law in 1495 - needed approval of English crown to pass laws in Ireland
Why was Henry forced to recall Poynings and rely on Kildare?
Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1495 and Henry was short of money from threat of Scottish invasion so it became too expensive
By this stage in 1485 Kildare had decided there was no benefit in supporting the Yorkist cause so decided to serve Henry loyally
