Henry VII - Foreign affairs

Question 1

What were Henry’s 3 main aims of foreign policy?

Answer 1

National security

Recognition of Tudor dynasty

Defence of English trading interests

Question 2

Whom did Henry build truces between in 1485-1492

Answer 2

France
Scotland
HRE
Spain

Question 3

What was the Breton Crisis?

Answer 3

French were eager to take over Brittany after death of king (because princess couldn’t rule).
1487 an invasion happened and it looked as if French were going to take control.
Henry summoned parliament to grant him extraordinary revenue in (1489)

Question 4

What was a result of the Breton crisis?

Answer 4

Treaty of Redon,

Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from French threat

Question 5

What happened as a result of the Breton Crisis?

Answer 5

Duchess Anne married Charles VIII (not wanting another 100 yr war). English army left stranded in Britainny and Maximilian lost interest. Made worse by PW threat seeking French support

Question 6

What happened in 1492 on France?

Answer 6

Henry launched invasion of France in 1492. French sought a peace settlement. Charles VIII more interested in Italy anyways and didn’t want to war w England. Signed

Treaty of etaples

Question 7

What was the Treaty of Etaples?

Answer 7

Charles VIII agreed to:

Withdraw support for PW
Pay a pension to Henry to compensate him for cost having to recruit and army for invasion

Question 8

Why did relations between England and burgundy worsen?

Answer 8

As a result of the support that Maximilian and Philip were giving to Perkin Warbeck
So Henry but a trade embargo on (conflicted w his ideas of securing dynasty and encouraging trade)

Question 9

What happened after Warbeck left burgundy?

Answer 9

Philip and Henry agreed to Intercurses Magnus in 1496, (restored trade)

Question 10

What was another outcome of the Intercursus Magnus?

Answer 10

Philip agreed to hand over Earl Of Suffolk (yorkist fugitive)

Question 11

What was Spains significance to Henry?

Answer 11

Catherine of Aragon would marry his son Arthur.
He also was able to sign the treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489

Question 12

What was the 1489 Treaty of Medina el Campo?

Answer 12

Two monarchies offered mutual protection in the event of an attack
Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
Marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine

Question 13

What were problems with the treaty?

Answer 13

Marriage did not go smoothly, Ferdinand was reluctant to allow the marriage due to PW threat and disagreement of Catherine’s dowry (money/property bride brings to husband on their marriage)

Question 14

What was significant about the wedding of Catherine and Arthur ?

Answer 14

It had Papal dispensation (from pope but came at a price)

In 1504 Henry lost interest for marriage due to Isabella of Castile death (Spain no longer a strong political figure).
Henry decided to support Juana (Caths sister)

When Juana and Philip of burgundy set sail for Spain in Jan 1506 they forced to take shelter in England when they were shipwrecked

Question 15

What did Henry sign with Juana and Philip as a result of the shipwreck?

Answer 15

Treaty of Windsor?

Question 16

What was the treaty of Windsor?

Answer 16

Agreed to intercursus malus (restoring trade between England and burgundy)

Return of Earl of Suffolk

Marriage alliance between archduchess (Philip sister) Margaret (never happened)

Recognition of Juana and Philip as rules of Castile

Question 17

What went wrong about Henry’s plan with Philip and Juana?

Answer 17

Philip died and Juana was in grief, Ferdinand did not allow a marriage alliance in Henry’s lifetime (through Cath and Henry VIII did marry when Henry VII died)

Question 18

What was the problem between Scotland and England?

Answer 18

Scotland has offered hospitality to PW and received pension from the king and also an aristocratic marriage to the Kings cousin.

King of Scotland encouraged Warbeck to cross border with army

Question 19

What happened with PW invasion from Scotland?

Answer 19

When he crossed northern border into England he was quickly retreated as he had no support from the nor the of England

Question 20

What happened in 1497?

Answer 20

Large scale rebellion in Cornwall shook Henry. Henry went to Ayton to secure truce as it was in interests of both England and Scotland to do this

Question 21

Why and when did Anglo Scottish relations improve?

Answer 21

1498 when PW was executed 1499 as he became tiresome for both Scotland and England.

Question 22

What was a significant event of their improved relations?

Answer 22

Henry’s daughter would marry James. Sanctioned in 1502 by treaty of perpetual peace

Question 23

What was the treaty of perpetual peace?

Answer 23

Improved relations for end of Henry’s reign and marriage alliance

Question 24

What was Henry’s relation with Ireland like?

Answer 24

Not too bad, owned an area called the Pale (surrounded Dublin). Owned by Anglo-Irish.

It was also tense due to Ireland support for Simnel and Warbeck

Question 25

What did Henry do as a response of Irelands support for Simnel and Warbeck?

Answer 25

Appointed Sir Edward Poyningd ad deputy lieutenant of Ireland.

Sucessful for a bit as Poyningd sure Irish parliament couldn’t pass a law which hadn’t been approved by English crown.

Question 26

What was a result of Poynings appointment?

Answer 26

Got too expensive for Henry so he withdrew Poynings.

In 1496 Kildare (Henry’s appointed chapter option) had decided there was no benefit to support Yorkists and decided to support Henry wholly. By 1500 there was some level of peace between Ireland and England.

Question 27

Were Henry’s marriage alliances successful?

Answer 27

Somewhat. Although Catherine didn’t marry Arthur she did Mary Henry VIII so it did go somewhat successfully.

This marriage was successful in ensuring some of Henry’s key followers were no longer able to jockey for his spot

Question 28

Did Henry’s kids alliance strengthen his foreign policy successfully?

Answer 28

Somewhat yes,

His daughter married King of Scotland which strengthened their relations.

His son’s marriage to Spain did strengthen or keep relations balanced later on in HENRY VIII’s reign.

His youngest daughter married king of France, temporarily keeping relations at a calm pace.

However his relations with France, Castille and HRE during Henry VII’s reign were still somewhat nonexistent

Question 29

Overall how successful was his foreign policy?

Answer 29

I think Henry’s aims of foreign policy were quite successful as not only was he recognised by a large power (Spain). He also decreased significant threats around him (France w treaty of Etaples and Scotland with Truce of Ayton and with treaty of perpetual peace).

His foreign policy was somewhat sucessful in his time and never really came to a DIRE or GRAVE threat. However this was significant as subject to change during the succession of Henry VIII