hemotalogic Flashcards
erythrocyte disorder
Anemia
Polycythemia
Poikilocytosis
Anisocytosis
Hypochromia
Anemia (too few erythrocytes)
Polycythemia (too many erythrocytes)
Poikilocytosis (abnormally shaped erythrocytes)
Anisocytosis (abnormal variations in size of erythrocytes)
Hypochromia (erythrocytes deficient in hemoglobin)
anemia
most common cause
Anemia is a symptom, not a disease
Reduction in O2-carrying capacity of the blood
Excessive blood loss
Increased destruction of erythrocytes
Decreased production of erythrocytes
anemia s/s
Skin pallor (palms, nail beds) or yellow-tinged skin (mucosa, conjunctiva)
Dyspnea on exertion, with heart palpitations & rapid pulse (more severe anemia)
Chest pain with minimal exertion
Nervous system manifestations (pernicious anemia):
polycythemia
what is it
inc tendency
BF
Increases in number of RBCs & concentration of hemoglobin
Results in increased whole blood viscosity & blood volume
Increased tendency toward clotting
Intravascular thrombi more likely
Blood flow more limited
Diminishes supply to brain & vital organs
polycythemia s/s
SOB*
Intolerable pruritus
General malaise & fatigue*
cynosis
easy bruise
HTN
gout
spenomegaly
sickle cell anemia
Causes the hemoglobin to aggregate into long chains
Alters shape of cell
Recurrent episodes of vaso occlusion and inflammation = progressive damage to most organs
sickle cell s/s
pain
bone and joint ischemic tissue
vascular complications
pulmonary episodes
neuro manifestations
Hand-foot syndrome (dactylitis)
splenic sequestration episode
renal complications
leukocytes
monocytes
granulocytes
Monocytes
Largest circulating blood cells
Immature cell until leaving blood
Travel to the tissues & form macrophages in response to foreign substances (e.g., bacteria)
Granulocytes
Contain lysing agents (digest various foreign materials & defend body against infectious agents
leukocytosis
what is it
Includes many infectious diseases
> 10,000 leukocytes/mm
Can be associated with neutrophilia
fever systemic infection
leukopenia
can occur
greater risk for
nadir
Reduction of leukocyte numbers in the blood (< 5000/mL)
can occur in -Overwhelming infections
Dietary deficiencies
Some medications
Autoimmune diseases
greater risk - Fever
Chills
Diaphoresis
nadir - lowest point WBC get
- usually occurs in 7-14 days
leukopenia S/s
Sore throat, cough
High fever, chills, sweating
Ulcerations of mucous membranes
persistent infection
platelet disorder
what do platelets do
types of disorders
what promotes coagulation
Platelets have important function with hemostasis (to stop bleeding) and maintenance of capillary integrity
Coagulation mechanism
Thrombocytosis: number of platelets is abnormally high
Thrombocytopenia: number of platelets is abnormally low
Vitamin K promote coagulation (can be diminished by liver diseases)
thrombocytosis s/s
Associated with tendency to clot
Thrombosis
Splenomegaly
Easy bruising
thrombocytopenia
caused by
Radiation
Aplastic anemia
Leukemia
Metastatic carcinoma
Cytotoxic agents (chemotherapy)
Medications
thrombocytopenia s/s
Bleeding after minor trauma
Spontaneous bleeding
- Petechiae
- Ecchymoses
- Purpura spots (bleeding under the skin)
- Epistaxis (nosebleed)
Menorrhagia (excessive menstruation)
Gingival bleeding
Melena (black, tarry stools)
