endocrine

Question 1

endocrine glands

Answer 1

Pituitary (controlled by hypothalamus)
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal glands
Thymus
Pancreas
Testes/Ovaries

Question 2

endocrine/metabolic disease s/s

Answer 2

Periarthritis and Calcific Tendinitis
Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Muscle Weakness, Myalgia, Cramps, and Fatigue (prox BL)
Chondrocalcinosis
Spondyloarthropathy and Osteoarthritis
Hand Stiffness and Hand Pain

Question 3

pituitary dysfx

Answer 3

acromegaly

Question 4

adrenal gland dysfunction

Answer 4

Adrenal Insufficiency
Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 5

thyroid gland dysfunction

Answer 5

Goiter
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism

Question 6

pancreas dysfunction

Answer 6

DM

Question 7

acromegaly commonly do to

Answer 7

tumor of pituitary gland
long bones in childhood
face bones in adulthood

Question 8

addison’s disease
what is it
s/s

Answer 8

adrenal insufficiency
tendon calc
dark pigmentation of the skin
hypotension
hyperkalemia - weakness
weightloss

Question 9

cushings
what is it
s/s

Answer 9

adrenal too much
cortisol suppresses inflam
moonface
buffalo hump
muscle wasting - inc weight
unexplained fever

Question 10

goiter
what is it
s/s

Answer 10

An enlargement of the thyroid gland - iodine deficiency
inc neck size
pressure on adjacent tissue
diff in breathing
dysphagia
hoarseness

Question 11

hyperthyroidism
what is it
s/s

Answer 11

thyrotoxicosis
graves disease - Protruding eyes (exophthalmos) caused by a retraction of eyelids & inflammation of the ocular muscles
gen elevation of body metabolism
can lead to goiter

Question 12

hyperthyroidism older vs younger

Answer 12

older
tremor
weight loss
heat intol

younger
cold intol
weight gain
mental and physical slowing

Question 13

thyroid storm

Answer 13

life threatening
severe tachy
shock
hyperthermia
agitation

Question 14

hypothyroidism
what is it
risk factor

Answer 14

insufficient thyroid

women more likely
over 65

Question 15

hypothyroid
s/s

Answer 15

cold intolerance
inc thinness and brittleness of hair
brittle skin
irregular menstrual bleeding
excessive fatigue
dec reflexes

Question 16

hypothyroidism MSK effects

Answer 16

prox weakness
trigger
prolonged reflexes

Question 17

DM
what is it
type 1
type 2

Answer 17

Chronic disorder caused by deficient insulin or defective insulin action

Type 1DM:
Little or no insulin is produced
About 10% of all cases
Usually occurs in children or young adults
Type 2DM: - insulin action
Commonly occurs after age 40 years
Defective insulin and/or impaired cell receptor binding of insulin-

Question 18

dx DM

Answer 18

Diagnosis: fasting blood glucose levels >/= 126mg/dL on two different days
Risk factor if >100mg/dL

Question 19

uncontrolled DM
s/s

Answer 19

Glycosuria
Polyuria
Polyphagia (usually only type 1) - Weight loss
Ketonuria (by-product of fat catabolism)
Blurred vision
Irritability

Question 20

diabetic neuropathy s/s autonomic

Answer 20

ED
lack of oil production
OH

Question 21

DM - charcots joint
what is it
s/s

Answer 21

Neuropathic arthropathy - hand foot shoulder

Severe unilateral swelling
inc skin warmth
joint deform
deep pressure sensation

Question 22

DM periarthritis

Answer 22

Hand & shoulder 5x more common among individuals with DM
Can progress to adhesive capsulitis in the shoulder

Question 23

DM hand stiffness

Answer 23

Flexor tenosynovitis
Dupuytren’s contracture
CRPS

Question 24

DM severe hyperglycemic states
what is it

s/s

Answer 24

Severe hyperglycemia (more than 400mg/dL)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Most common with DM1

Thirst
Hyperventilation
Fruity odor to breath
Elevated temperature
Blood glucose level >300mg/dL
Serum pH <7.3

Question 25

DM hypoglycemia
what is it
s/s

Answer 25

Blood glucose of <70mg/dL

Sympathetic
Pallor
Perspiration
Hunger
Shakiness

CNS
Headache
Double/blurred vision
Slurred speech

Question 26

dehydration s/s

Answer 26

Thirst
Weight loss

as it worsens -
Poor skin turgor
Dryness of the mouth, throat, face
Absence of sweat
Increased body temperature
Low urine output

Question 27

gout
what is it
s/s

Answer 27

Excess uric acid in the blood results in formation of tiny uric acid crystals that collect in the joints
Triggers a painful inflammatory response

Tophi: lumps under the skin, or actual eruptions through the skin, of chalky urate crystals
(Monoarticular) Joint pain and swelling (especially 1st MTP joint)
Fever and chills
Malaise
Redness

Question 28

OP T score

Answer 28

osteopenia= - 1-2.5
OP= - 2.5 or less
severe = same as boe with fx

Question 29

pagets disease
what is it

Answer 29

Noninflammatory, metabolic, skeletal disorder
Characterized by localized excessive osteoclastic bone resorption f/b compensatory increased osteoblastic activity
more susceptible to fx and more vascularized

like a curved tibia

Question 30

pagets s/s

Answer 30

Bowing of long bones
Acetabular protrusion
Increased skin temperature over long bones∗
Paraplegia
Muscle weakness

Question 31

Immediate medical attention for endocrine

Answer 31

Any person with DM who is confused, lethargic, exhibiting changes in mental function, profuse sweating (without exercise), or demonstrating signs of DKA
Suspected episode of hypoglycemia
Signs of thyroid storm

Question 32

clues to s/s of endocrine

Answer 32

LT of corticosteroids
lymph nodes palpable
mm fasciculations and cramping with antacid
systematic