Hemostasis Flashcards
What are the two types if bleeding?
Arterial - gross bleeding from transected or penetrated vessel
Venous - diffuse oozing from denuded or cut surfaces
Complete hemostasis is essential to _____________.
Wound management
Bleeding needs to stop
What is a hematoma?
Collection of extravasated blood in body cavity, space, or tissue caused by uncontrolled bleeding or oozing.
How is hemostasis achieved?
Chemical
Mechanical
Thermal
What are some chemical methods of hemostasis?
Absorbable gel foam or collagen Oxytocin Epinephrine Silver nitrate Phenol and alcohol Sclerotherapy Thrombin
What are some methods of external mechanical hemostasis?
Teds Sequential compression devices Mast trousers Tourniquet Pressure dressings Packing
What are some methods of internal mechanical hemostasis?
Hemostasis clamps Lighting clips Ligature Packs Pledgets (mini squares) Bone wax Digital compression Suction Drains
What are some methods of cold thermal hemostasis?
Cryosurgery - freeze target areas with e.g Liquid nitrogen. Nose cancer of cervix, eyes.
Hypothermia
- local: ice pack to cool area down
- systemic: cool whole person down
What are some methods of hot thermal hemostasis?
Electro cautery Electrosurgery Fulguration Ultrasonic scalpel (harmonic) Laser Photocoagulation Plasma scalpel
What is electrocautery?
Small loop heated by a steady, direct electric current to red heat which will coagulate and destroy tissue on contact.
What is electrosurgery?
Bovine machine
High frequency electric current from electrosurgical unit used to cut or coagulate tissue
Pt must be grounded and safety precautions taken.
What is an ultrasonic scalpel?
Aka the harmonic scalpel
Titanium blade moved by rapid ultrasonic motion that cuts and coagulates tissue simultaneously.
When might the laser be used?
For stones or genital warts. Can cut, coagulate, and or vaporize tissue
When is photo coagulation used?
During ophthalmology
What are complications of hemorrhage?
Anemia Hypovolemia Hypotension Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy Tachy Brady Unconsciousness
